The escalating need for sustainable wastewater treatment has driven the development of innovative technologies that not only address pollutant degradation but also enable resource recovery. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of emerging technologies in wastewater treatment, highlighting their potential to optimize treatment processes and contribute to a circular economy. Key technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), and forward osmosis have shown significant promise in efficiently removing complex pollutants, improving water reuse, and enhancing overall treatment efficiency in which these processes are crucial for removing a wide range of contaminants, particularly those that are difficult to remove using conventional methods. The integration of bio electrochemical systems (BES) and microbial fuel cells has emerged as a key innovation in wastewater treatment, offering the dual advantage of treating wastewater while simultaneously generating energy. Additionally, electrocoagulation is identified as an effective, chemical-free treatment method for the removal of suspended solids, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, presenting a more sustainable approach to wastewater management. The role of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment is explored in depth, particularly for the removal of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds. Furthermore, microalgae-based systems and algal–bacterial consortia are highlighted for their ability to recover nutrients, mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, and support the treatment of wastewater, contributing to both resource recovery and environmental sustainability. Besides, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in wastewater treatment has the potential to revolutionize process optimization. Despite these significant advancements, challenges such as membrane fouling, high energy consumption, and scalability of these technologies were also discussed in the chapter. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of evaluating the techno-economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and establishing robust regulatory frameworks to support the widespread adoption of these emerging technologies and resource recovery in wastewater treatment.