Wastewater streams contain both contaminants and valuable resources, making advanced treatment technologies essential for sustainable resource recovery. Without effective treatment, wastewater discharge leads to eutrophication, hypoxia, and the accumulation of toxic pollutants, severely impacting aquatic ecosystems and public health. However, wastewater is also a reservoir of recoverable nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), organic matter, and high-quality water, which can be efficiently reclaimed through advanced membrane technologies. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) represent a significant advancement in wastewater treatment, integrating biological processes with membrane filtration to achieve high-efficiency pollutant removal and resource recovery. Utilising microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF), MBRs enhance biomass retention, improve effluent quality, and enable the recovery of nutrients and energy carriers. Despite these advantages, challenges such as membrane fouling, high energy demands, and limited membrane longevity necessitate continuous technological improvements. Recent advancements in MBR technology focus on hybrid configurations incorporating forward osmosis (FO), reverse osmosis (RO), and electrochemical processes to enhance resource recovery efficiency. Innovations in nanocomposite membranes, antifouling surface modifications, and biofilm-resistant coatings aim to extend membrane lifespan and reduce operational costs. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven real-time monitoring is further optimising process efficiency and energy consumption. Additionally, the integration of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) with MBRs is being explored for simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy recovery. This chapter critically examines the latest advancements in MBR technology, highlighting their role in circular economy frameworks and their potential for large-scale application in sustainable wastewater resource recovery.