Background: Intellectual disability (ID) entails a vulnerability that may be aggravated in contact with healthcare services. Patients with ID are at risk of not having their needs recognized, which may contribute to prolonged hospital stays and increased readmissions. Nurses encounter this patient group across all levels of healthcare and have a responsibility to provide high-quality care. To achieve this, it is essential to establish caring encounters where communication is central. Aims: To explore nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with intellectual disability in healthcare settings. Method: An integrative literature review with an inductive approach was conducted. The articles were analysed in four steps according to Friberg (2022). Thirteen articles with both qualitative and quantitative designs were included. Results: Three themes and eight subthemes were identified. The results showed that nurses played a significant role in the care of patients with intellectual disabilities, where an ethical approach and access to resources were essential for providing high-quality care. Collaboration with family members, personal assistants and other healthcare professionals strengthened the conditions for person-centred care. However, communication was perceived as complex and required adaptations. Lack of knowledge regarding intellectual disabilities emerged as a recurring challenge that could negatively affect the care of patients with intellectual disabilities. Conclusions: The quality of care may largely depend on the individual nurse’s experience and competence. A lack of knowledge, resources and organisational conditions may lead to missed interventions and compromised patient safety, which may result in unequal care.

Arbetsrelaterad stress bland sjuksköterskor är ett växande problem inom hälso- och sjukvården och påverkar både personalens hälsa och vårdens kvalitet. Sjuksköterskor arbetar i en komplex miljö med höga krav, stort ansvar och begränsade resurser. Stress kan uppstå när arbetsbelastningen överstiger tillgängliga resurser och när möjligheten att ge personcentrerad och säker vård begränsas. Detta kan leda till ohälsa hos sjuksköterskor samt negativa konsekvenser för patienter och organisationer. Det finns därför behov av ökad kunskap om hur sjuksköterskor upplever arbetsrelaterad stress inom somatisk vård. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs modell. Vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i databaserna CINAHL och Medline. Nio kvalitativa studier inkluderades efter urval och kvalitetsgranskning. Materialet analyserades genom identifiering av likheter, skillnader och gemensamma teman. Resultatet visade att arbetsrelaterad stress påverkades av flera organisatoriska och professionella faktorer. Underbemanning, bristande resurser, tidsbrist och hög arbetsbörda framträdde som centrala orsaker. Även otydliga arbetsroller, bristande stöd från ledning samt svag teamsamverkan bidrog till upplevelsen av stress. Sjuksköterskor upplevde dessutom etisk stress när de inte hann ge den vård de ansåg patienterna behövde. Avsaknad av bekräftelse och erkännande från ledning och kollegor beskrevs som en bidragande faktor till upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress. Studiens resultat ligger som en god grund till behovet av förbättringsarbete. För att förbättra vården behövs kunskap om problemet vilket denna studie bidrar med.

The aim of this study was to investigate how seven working individuals within Generation Z experience work-life balance, what factors influence their ability to achieve work-life balance, and how these experiences can be understood in relation to their expectations of work-life balance and career choices. The study was conducted using a qualitative research design with a phenomenological perspective. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven respondents from different professions and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that respondents generally experienced a functioning worklife balance, although the experience varied depending on workload, working hours, flexibility and opportunities for recovery. Flexibility and autonomy were described as important factors in achieving balance, but they could also contribute to blurred boundaries between work and private life through increased digital accessibility. Respondents with shift and schedule-based work experienced less flexibility but clearer boundaries and longer periods of recovery. The results also indicate that Generation Z values ??meaningful work, well-being, flexibility and the opportunity to combine work and private life. At the same time, the study shows that Generation Z is not a homogeneous group, as experiences of work-life balance differ depending on working conditions, profession and life situation. The study concludes that work-life balance is not only understood as an individual responsibility or a generational issue, but also in relation to organizational conditions, digitalization and changing structures in modern working life.

Denna studie undersöker hur fackliga organisationer inom Landsorganisationen i Sverige (LO) och tjänstemännens Centralorganisation (TCO) beskriver och värderar 24-månadsregeln i 12 a § lagen (2012:854) om uthyrning av arbetstagare. Studien syftar även till att analysera hur organisationernas resonemang kan förstås utifrån deras olika positioner och intressen på arbetsmarknaden samt hur de förhåller sig till statlig reglering i relation till kollektivavtal och partsförhandlingar. Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ textanalys av offentligt material från Landsorganisationen i Sverige (LO) och Tjänstemännens centralorganisation (TCO) anknutna organisationer vid lagens införande år 2022 samt efter att lagen börjat tillämpas från och med oktober 2024. Vid insamlingen används idéanalys som metod med hjälp av verklighetsomdömen, värdeomdömen och handlingsföreskrifter. Analysen utgår från fyra teoretiska perspektiv varav två klassteorier, en maktresursteori samt en teori kallas Industrial Relations System-Teori. Resultatet visar att LO och TCO beskriver långvarig inhyrning som problematisk i relation till trygghet och arbetsvillkor, men att organisationerna skiljer sig åt i hur problemen förstås och vilka lösningar som prioriteras. LO framställer exempelvis bemanningsarbete som ett strukturellt problem där flexibilitet ofta sker på bekostnad av trygghet, medan TCO istället betonar balansen mellan flexibilitet och trygghet. Studien belyser även att organisationernas resonemang förändras över tid.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning generativ artificiell intelligens tillämpas inom Human Resources (HR) och Human Resource Management (HRM), samt hur användningen relaterar till HR-professionellas yrkesroller, inställningar och upplevelser. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där data samlades in genom en webbaserad enkät. Enkäten distribuerades via sociala medier och besvarades av totalt 120 respondenter. Data analyserades med hjälp av SPSS. Korstabellsanalyser och chi-två-test användes för att analysera samband mellan kategoriska variabler, medan oberoende t-test och envägs-ANOVA användes för att undersöka skillnader i AI_Index mellan olika respondentgrupper. Resultaten tyder på att generativ AI används i relativt stor utsträckning inom HR-funktioner, men att användningen varierar mellan olika yrkesroller. Särskilt framkommer en lägre användningsgrad bland HR-strateger, vilket kan indikera att strategiska roller ännu inte i samma utsträckning har integrerat generativ AI i sitt arbete. Vidare visar resultaten på könsrelaterade skillnader i användningen av generativ AI. Dessa skillnader kan förstås som uttryck för varierande tillgång till teknologiska resurser, skillnader i organisationsstrukturer eller olikheter i hur tekniken implementeras inom olika HR-funktioner. Studien visar även att generativ AI i viss mån redan har etablerats som ett arbetsverktyg inom HR, även om implementeringen framstår som ojämnt fördelad och i flera fall fortfarande befinner sig i ett tidigt skede. Användningen av generativ AI var positivt korrelerad med mått på upplevd nytta, vilket kan förstås i relation till humankapitalteori. Att tekniken används trots att den inte alltid är formellt etablerad på arbetsplatsen indikerar att dess strategiska betydelse som arbetsverktyg är på väg att öka. Trots en övervägande positiv inställning till generativ AI uppgav flera respondenter att de inte kände sig helt trygga med tekniken eller upplevde den som enkel att använda. Detta understryker behovet av kontinuerligt organisatoriskt stöd och riktade utbildningsinsatser för att säkerställa en trygg, effektiv och ansvarsfull användning av generativ AI inom HR-sektorn.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur gruppledare inom busstrafikbranschen upplever och hanterar svåra samtal i en verksamhet som präglas av tidspress, höga arbetskrav och geografisk distans. Utgångspunkten är att svåra samtal inte enbart hanteras utifrån personliga ledarskapsförmågor, utan formas i samspel mellan organisatoriskt stöd, branschspecifika förutsättningar och organisationskultur. Studien bygger på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem gruppledare inom en och samma organisation, vilket utgör metoden för insamling av empiri. Resultatet som framkommit har därefter analyserats utifrån Edgar Scheins teori om organisationskultur. Resultatet visar att upplevelsen av organisatoriskt stöd varierar och att relationer, tillgänglighet samt närhet och distans har större betydelse för genomförandet av svåra samtal än formella stödstrukturer. Samtidigt framträder branschspecifika förutsättningar, såsom förarbrist, tidspress och distans som faktorer som begränsar möjligheterna till planering, närvaro, uppföljning och åtgärder. Gemensamt påverkar dessa villkor när och hur svåra samtal kan genomföras i praktiken. Vidare visar studien att organisationskulturen spelar en central roll i formandet av normer och värderingar som styr kommunikation, ansvar och hantering av uppkomna situationer i vardagen. I diskussionen behandlas svåra samtal ur ett bredare organisatoriskt perspektiv, där strukturella och kulturella faktorer samverkar och ibland skapar hinder för gruppledare i det dagliga arbetet. Studien visar att ledarnas handlingsutrymme formas av hur dessa faktorer överlappar och förstärker varandra, vilket gör att svåra samtal kan anses som en organisatorisk utmaning snarare än individuell.

Depression är ett växande folkhälsoproblem och globalt lever uppskattningsvis flera hundra miljoner människor med sjukdomen. Tillståndet kännetecknas av nedstämdhet, minskat intresse och energibrist och kan medföra ett betydande lidande för den drabbade. Vid depression föreligger en ökad risk för suicidala tankar och handlingar, vilket gör tidig upptäckt särskilt viktig. Utöver människans lidande påverkar depression även samhället i stort, då sjukdomen är en vanlig orsak till sjukskrivningar och nedsatt arbetsförmåga. Ökad förståelse för patienters upplevelser är därför viktigt för att kunna ge god och personcentrerad vård. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa vuxna patienters upplevelser av att leva med depression genom ett litteraturbaserat examensarbete med utgångspunkt i kvalitativ forskning. Resultatet baseras på tio empiriska artiklar och presenteras utifrån två teman: En förändrad tillvaro präglad av ett mångdimensionellt lidande och en social påverkan, med tillhörande fem subteman. Resultatet visar att patienter upplever depression som ett omfattande lidande som påverkar både självförståelse, vardagsliv och relationer till andra. Slutsatsen visar att depression genomsyrar hela människans tillvaro och medför ett stort lidande och påverkar livsvärlden.

 The globally aging population is driving an increased demand for medical mobility aids, placing higher demands on the production capacity and flow efficiency of manufacturing companies. In manual assembly processes, identifying precise bottlenecks is often complex, as these systems are highly sensitive to variations in cycle times, work methods, and organizational factors. The purpose of this study was to analyse an industrial assembly process to examine how cycle times, variation, and work structure affect flow efficiency, as well as to identify capacity constraints and areas for improvement.

A case study was conducted at Etac, focusing on the final assembly of the Swift Mobil shower chair, which is organized as a manual one-piece flow. Data collection was based on a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative time studies and production data with qualitative observations and semi-structured interviews. The analysis was supported by a theoretical framework combining the Theory of Constraints (TOC) and Lean production principles.

The findings revealed that capacity constraints within the flow could not be solely attributed to the average cycle times of individual workstations. Instead, bottlenecks emerged from an interaction between station-specific workloads, process variation, and indirect time. A notable system-related factor was that material handling was performed by the operators within the main flow, causing recurring shorter interruptions and reducing the effective assembly time. Furthermore, for one of the studied product variants, a clear station-related capacity constraint was identified at the final assembly station due to a high concentration of tasks.

The study concludes that capacity issues in manual systems are rarely caused by an isolated factor but are rather influenced by system-related challenges. To address these capacity constraints, establishing a clearer material responsibility was identified as a key area for improvement. By integrating a clearer material role into the production setup, and potentially offloading capacity-sensitive tasks through sub-assembly, conditions are created for operators to maintain a smoother and more efficient production flow.

The increasing digitalization of industrial organizations has resulted in growing volumes of data generated from multiple systems, including enterprise systems, production environments, IoT devices and analytical platforms. This development creates new opportunities for data-driven decision-making, but also introduces challenges related to integration, scalability, governance and security. The purpose of this study was to analyze how modern data platforms and Lakehouse architecture can support the development of a more scalable, integrated and secure data environment within case company. The study focused on architectural design, data governance, metadata management, security and scalability in relation to modern data platform principles. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study combining literature review, document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The literature study identified research-based principles related to modern data platforms, Data Lakes and Lakehouse architecture. These principles were then used to develop an analysis framework that guided the empirical analysis of the organization’s current data environment. The results show that case company’s current data environment is characterized by fragmented systems, manual data flows and limited standardization. Several challenges were identified related to integration, metadata management, governance and scalability. The gap analysis indicates clear differences between the organization’s current environment and research-based principles for modern data platforms. The study concludes that Lakehouse-based architectures and modern cloud-based data platforms have the potential to improve integration, governance, scalability and analytical capabilities within the organization. However, the results also show that successful implementation requires not only technical changes but also organizational adaptation, clearer governance structures and standardized data management processes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine how the division of responsibility for household work and childcare is described by men and women working shifts, and how similarities and differences can be understood in relation to gender. The study is based on a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with eight participants who works shifts, lives with a partner and has children living at home. The findings show that shift work has a significant impact on how everyday life, family responsibilities and recovery are organized. Although participants often described the division of responsibility as practical and flexible, the results revealed recurring gendered patterns. Women tended to carry a greater overall responsibility for planning, childcare and household work, while men were more often associated with paid work and financial responsibility. The study also shows that responsibility in the home cannot solely be understood as a result of individual choices, but must also be analyzed in relation to work organization, social expectations and gender norms. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender is reproduced through everyday routines and understandings of care and responsibility, while also being negotiated in relation to changing life conditions.

The construction industry has undergone through significant development the past year where the industry has become more digitalized. This has led to more methods have been introduced such as Buildings Information Modeling (BIM). Today BEM is seen as a central part of the construction industry to achieve efficient, high quality and safe construction process. The method has also replaced the traditional 2D method with a more automated quantity take off. Despite these advantages many companies still have chosen to work with 2D methos because of the control that they fell that they have over the method. This thesis purpose was to provide knowledge for how the work process and result from the quantity take of differ between BIM and 2D, which factors influence quantity take of in BIM and what solutions can be implemented to achieve a more reliable result.

The study was caried out using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method consists of a literature study and an interview study that was done with a few workers connected to quantity take off. The qualitative method consists of a comparative analysis of previous quantity take off from attic insulation, facade insulation, siding and roof tiles in BIM and 2D.

The result shows that BIM is based on a digital and more automated process while 2D quantity take of is based on a manual process that can be done both digital and analogy. Regarding differences in quantity take of the result shows that there can occur hug differences in the results between both methods with the largest difference was for the facade insulation that had a 61 m2 difference which is 29,2%.

The result also shows that there are several factors that may impact the result from BIM and that there are several measures that can be implemented to increase the reliability of BIM. Factors such as level of detail, information content, requirements specifications, standardization when the model is developed, coordination between different workers, human factors and competence occurs when developing a BIM model. These factors can be remedied by implementing clear requirements, control routines, coordination, communication and to increase the competence for the workers. By combining these factors you can ensure that the risk of incorrect quantities from BIM is reduced.

Sexual violence against women is a global public health issue and may result in extensive health consequences. However, the definition of sexual violence may vary across different contexts. The aim of this study was to illuminate women's healthcare experiences and care needs after being subjected to sexual violence. The method used was a qualitative literature review in which 11 articles were included. The study was based on Friberg’s five-step model for analysis. Three themes emerged from the results. The theme Healthcare encounters following experiences of sexual violence was structured into three subthemes: Daring to seek healthcare, The significance of healthcare professionals’ attitudes, and Experiences of gynecological examinations. The second theme, Experiences of inadequate care, was described through two subthemes: Perceived lack of knowledge and engagement and Shame and blame in healthcare encounters. The third theme, Women’s wishes, was divided into the subthemes: Need for reproductive and gynecological care, Need for continuity and knowledge, and Need for validation. Through person-centred care, in which women’s experiences of sexual violence are acknowledged and validated, recovery and health can be promoted. This may contribute to sustainable healthcare at both the individual and societal levels

The construction industry is associated with significant societal costs due to errors and deficiencies. This partly depends on deficient experience feedback. Many construction firms also lack well-functioning knowledge management structures, increasing the risk of losing valuable project knowledge. Therefore, this report identifies key challenges and explores how to improve systematic lessons-learned processes across all phases of the planning and construction process. Furthermore, the study analyzes the current experience feedback practice within Wästbygg and proposes practical recommendations to strengthen the process. This qualitative case study was conducted in collaboration with the construction company Wästbygg. The methodology included a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and a document analysis of the company’s management system. Six professionals representing different phases of the production process were interviewed. The empirical data was then systematically analyzed through transcription and categorization to identify patterns and structures in the participants’ experiences. The results indicate an established routine for capturing lessons learned, though its implementation varies. Much experience feedback occurs informally through spontaneous conversations, making knowledge transfer dependent on personal relationships and trust. Time constraints and financial priorities were identified as major barriers to a more systematic approach, as employees often transition to new projects before previous ones are fully evaluated. The analysis reveals a discrepancy between the intended function of the experience feedback process and its actual implementation. Currently the process is often perceived as an administration burden rather than a valuable tool. Moreover, the study identified personal knowledge, an ineffective document management system and concerns related to pride as key challenges to effective experience feedback. The study’s discussion shows that experience feedback should be a continuous part of daily business to increase systematic experience feedback. The report’s recommendations include early involvement of key people, development of the document management system, promotion of a non-prestigious learning culture, clear managerial support, and follow-up on measurable results.

Background: There are various causes of induced menopause, including cancer treatment, surgery, and hormone therapy. Hormonal changes occur rapidly and affect women’s lives physically, psychologically, and socially. Previous research has primarily focused on medical aspects, while women’s own experiences have been less studied. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate women’s experiences of undergoing induced menopause. Method: The study is a literature review with a focus on qualitative methodology. Eleven scientific articles were retrieved from the databases MEDLINE and CINAHL. Friberg’s appraisal template was used to assess the articles, and they were analyzed according to Friberg’s model for literature reviews. Results: Induced menopause affects women’s lives in various ways. Three main themes were identified: changed identity, psychosocial effects of induced menopause, and the need for support and assistance. Fertility was affected, leading to changes in self-image. The women experienced bodily changes and psychological symptoms that impacted their daily lives, relationships, and social interactions. Many felt isolated and experienced reduced intimacy in their relationships. A lack of understanding from healthcare professionals and people around them was common. The women also expressed a need for more information and support from healthcare professionals. Conclusion: Induced menopause affects women’s lives and well-being. Inadequate support from healthcare services may worsen the situation, while support from significant others can help women cope. The study shows that person-centered care and adequate knowledge among healthcare professionals are important. At the same time, more research is needed to develop better support interventions within healthcare.

Bakgrund: Sepsis är ett livshotande tillstånd som uppstår när kroppens egna immunförsvar överreagerar på en infektion, vilket kan innebära stora livsförändringar för patienten. Dödligheten inom sepsis beskrivs även vara hög, uppemot 50% och komplikationerna beskrivs inte enbart vara fysisk, utan även kognitiva och psykiska. Nedsatt gångförmåga, minnessvårigheter och PTSD är komplikationer som kan förekomma efter att patienten vårdats för sepsis på intensivvårdsavdelning (IVA). Att sjuksköterskan får en ökad förståelse kring patientens upplevelse att ha vårdats för sepsis på IVA och första perioden efter sepsisen kan bidra till en bättre vård. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa patienters upplevelser av återhämtning efter vård på intensivvårdsavdelning i samband med sepsis. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa ansatser. Analysen av de valda artiklarna genomfördes med hjälp av en integrativ litteraturöversikt. De valda artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån vald mall. Resultat: Tre kategorier identifierades: Att återgå till det vardagliga livet, Psykisk hälsa, Fysiska och kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar. Perioden efter sepsis kan beskrivas som en anmärkningsvärd resa tillbaka till det tidigare livet och samtidigt möta psykiska, fysiska och kognitiva utmaningar. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten belyser vilka förändringar som patienten kan uppleva efter sepsisen. Dessutom påtalas att patienterna upplevde att de efter sepsisen hade behövt mer stöd från vården än vad de erhöll. Till följd av att patienterna efterfrågade ett ökat stöd kan litteraturöversikten generera kunskap kring hur den allmänna sjuksköterskan kan vårda patienter efter de vårdats på IVA för sepsis på ett lämpligt sätt.

As a result of increasing requirements from authorities, high energy prices and rapid technological development, energy efficiency improvements and modernization of buildings are being carried out to a greater extent. Eldflugan 1 is a property located in Knalleland in Borås that will undergo a renovation of its HVAC- and control systems with the aim of reducing energy costs, improving indoor comfort and enabling future technical upgrades. At present, the building is equipped with four air handling units and one air recirculation unit, as well as a building control system installed in 2008. The renovation includes the replacement of fans in one of the air handling units, removal of the recirculation unit, installation of sensors in the ventilation systems, as well as a replacement of the current control system to a modern alternative featuring more monitoring functions. The renovation also includes the installation of sensors in the heating and air conditioning systems, as well as the replacement of the control valve in the tap water system.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the building’s energy consumption is affected by the planned measures and to evaluate the profitability of the investment from an energy perspective.

The studied property is a commercial building with a total area of 2442 𝑚2 with four floors. Several different businesses operate in the building, including a gym, a café and a healthcare center. The methodology of the study has included discussions and follow-up meetings with the client to obtain support and guidance throughout the project. In addition, information regarding the building’s HVAC and control systems was collected from the property owner and other companies involved in the project. This approach enabled the collection of data such as technical specifications for the air handling units, the building’s energy documentation and fan specifications.

The results show that the annual energy savings amount to 28,6 MWh, of which 26,5 MWh are heat savings, 8 MWh are savings regarding the air conditioning system, while electricity consumption increases by 5,9 MWh. The building’s annual energy use prior to the implemented measures was 322 MWh, meaning that the measures reduce the total energy consumption by 9 %.

The economic analysis indicates a payback period of 97 years and a negative present value, which means that the investment is not economically profitable from an energy economic perspective. The conclusion is that the renovation cannot be justified based solely on energy savings. However, the profitability may improve when considering the increased indoor comfort and the level of modernization achieved in the building.

This study examines customer mobility from the consumer perspective within the insurance industry. The purpose of the study was to identify factors that influence customers' decisions to change or not change insurance companies. This study aims to answer two major research questions; How does knowledge, uncertainty, trust, and pricing influence the perceived customer value in the property insurance industry and what the major contributing factors are for behavioural loyalty and switching behaviour in the insurance industry. A survey was conducted among 264 respondents with different socio demographics within Sweden. Using data from a quantitative research method, we tested several hypotheses created from consumer behaviour and loyalty literature. We analyse the results using several statistical tests. This study results in a diffuse conclusion in some parts. First of all, pricing in regards to importance within the insurance industry is not concluded. However, insurance knowledge is showing as a more relevant component of consumer value which in itself can be associated with importance of price. Surprisingly in regards to behavioural loyalty, no association between attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty was found. This implies that the two phenomena should be treated separately. Insurance knowledge finds its prevalence in behavioural loyalty as well, as the results are indicating some switching costs can be reduced with a higher level of insurance knowledge.

A stoma is defined as a surgically created opening between an internal organ and the surface of the abdominal wall. It can be either temporary or permanent depending on the patient’s intestinal condition and underlying diseases. The stoma enables diversion of intestinal contents or urine into a stoma bag. The procedure can be performed either electively or acutely. There are different types of stomas, such as ilesotomy, colostomy and urostomy which are placed on different parts of the abdomen depending on which part of the intestine or urinary tract requires surgical intervention. The aim with this literature study was to describe experiences of living with a stoma and ten qualitative scientific articles from the databases CINAHL and PubMed were included and analyzed in the study. The results showed that the stoma affected several aspects of individuals ‘lives, including physical, psychological and social dimensions. Physical changes included impacts on body image, control over one’s body and the need to adapt daily activities. Psychological aspects involved emotional well-being and acceptance of the stoma. Social isolation, changes in relationships and the importance of support from others. It showed also that patients experience of living with a stoma were individual. The stoma affected multiple aspects of life, and the process of acceptance was also individual. Acceptance was influenced by life prior to stoma formation, as well as the support and the information patients had received and continued to receive after the surgical procedure.

Efficient pharmaceutical distribution constitutes a critical component of hospital internal inventory and materials management. It is furthermore essential for ensuring patient safety and promoting effective resource utilization. Contemporary healthcare systems are characterized by complex logistical flows in which both materials and information interact across multiple organizational structures and involve numerous stakeholders. Despite ongoing advancements and innovations in healthcare logistics, significant challenges persist, particularly concerning insufficient coordination, limited communication among stakeholders, and inadequate integration of the various components within the supply chain. Previous research has demonstrated that suboptimal performance in pharmaceutical logistics frequently arises from unclear information flows, reliance on manual processes, limited alignment between information systems and operational practices. These deficiencies may lead to prolonged lead times, duplicated efforts, and increased workload for both healthcare and logistics personnel. From a lean management perspective, such inefficiencies can be categorized as waste (muda), negatively affecting flow efficiency and the overall system capacity. Hospital logistics is also characterized by stringent requirements for reliability and adaptability, as deviations or disruptions in material and information flows can have direct implications for patient safety. An effective internal pharmaceutical logistics system therefore requires not only well-functioning material flows but also robust and sustainable communication within the information infrastructure. The study’s most central findings indicate that the key drivers of inefficiency in pharmaceutical distribution are limited system integration, the prevalence of manual work processes, and unclear communication. These factors result in increased workload and reduced flow efficiency. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that a more integrated and standardized way of working, improved communication, and the application of lean principles are essential for optimizing flow performance. 

Occupational stress among nurses represents a significant issue that may affect both the health of the nurse and the quality of care. It is therefore essential to highlight nurses’ experiences of stress, to enable a deeper understanding of potential contributing factors. Consequently, the aim of this study was to illuminate nurses’ experience of stress, related to their professional practice. The method employed was a literature review of eleven scientific articles including qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies. The analysis resulted in three main themes: Dimensions of stress, Manifestations of stress and Changes for a sustainable profession. The first main theme comprised three sub themes: ”the significance of age and professional experience”, ”structural challenges in the work environment” and ”encounters with others”. The results showed a need for further attention to organisational possibilities within healthcare to reduce workload and stress for nurses. A more sustainable working condition and environment could benefit the health of both nurses and patients.

The industry’s increasing demands for operational reliability and efficient maintenance have sparked growing interest in condition monitoring and predictive maintenance. At the same time, advancements in Edge AI enable machine learning to be performed locally, close to the monitored equipment, without the need for cloud-based computing. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether incremental machine learning implemented as Edge AI can be used to identify anomalies in a mechanical system and thereby contribute to condition monitoring. The study was conducted as a case study in which a demonstration test rig was developed around an SH100C servo motor from SimplexMotion. A physical test rig was constructed using CAD modeling and additive manufacturing. Operational data was collected via Modbus communication and analyzed using Ekkono’s machine learning tools Forge and Primer. The developed model was trained on data from the motor speed and torque; the machine learning model was implemented on a Raspberry Pi 5 for local real-time analysis. bus The results show that the model was able to identify several types of operational deviations through increased values in the CDS (Concept drift score). The most clear-cut results were obtained during significant load changes and simulated faults, such as when the drive shaft came loose, or high friction was applied. The model also demonstrated the ability to gradually adapt to new operating conditions through incremental learning. The study demonstrates that incremental machine learning can be used for local condition monitoring on resource-constrained hardware and that Edge AI has the potential to contribute to future predictive maintenance systems. For industrial applications, however, further model development, additional operating scenarios, and more extensive validation under realistic operating conditions are required.  

Globalisation and digitalisation have enabled companies to expand into new export markets at a faster pace than before. At the same time, market introductions are characterised by uncertainty linked to limited market knowledge and differences in customer preferences. In this context, the design of the product portfolio becomes a strategically central decision, as choices regarding assortment breadth, depth and segmentation affect both competitiveness and profitability. The purpose of this study is to examine how e-commerce-based companies should adapt their product portfolio when entering new markets. The study is based on a qualitative case study of an anonymised Swedish consumer goods company, referred to as Company A, complemented by a literature review within the fields of market entry and product portfolio design. Empirical material has been collected through semi-structured and unstructured interviews with respondents with direct insight into the company's market entry processes, as well as through observations within the organisation. The findings suggest that a successful market entry is best carried out in two stages. A standardised entry phase in which the company establishes a presence in the market with limited investments and a product portfolio that is not adapted to any significant extent. This is followed by a needs-driven establishment phase, in which successive market adaptations are made based on the customer data and market knowledge accumulated during the entry phase. Portfolio design in this phase should be guided by local customer preferences and the structural conditions of the market, such as the choice of sales platform, establishment form and logistics solution. The study also shows that business strategy has a clear influence on how companies structure their market entries. A demand-driven and resource-efficient approach, where decisions are based on actual market data rather than assumptions about future demand, reduces the risk of misguided investments and creates the conditions for a long-term profitable establishment.  

The purpose of this study is to examine how organizational factors affect the efficiency of return processes within third-party logistics (3PL) operations. This is relevant as return processes are often characterized by variation, uncertainty, and requirements from different customers, which in turn necessitate a well-structured organization. To fulfill the purpose, two research questions have been formulated: Q1: Which factors affect the efficiency of return processes? Q2: How should return processes be organized and managed within 3PL logistics?

The study is limited to analyzing one 3PL company, with a focus on internal return handling from the point at which returns arrive to the reintegration of goods into inventory. The main stages examined are goods receiving, quality control, and warehousing. Furthermore, the study is limited to organizational factors, especially competence, training, and job rotation.

The study was conducted as a qualitative case study at the company KLN Freight Sweden AB. Data collection was carried out through a combination of semi-structured interviews, direct and participant observations, and document studies. The chosen methodology enabled an in-depth analysis of how organizational factors influence the efficiency of return processes in practice.

The results show that return processes within 3PL are characterized by complexity and uncertainty due to varying customer requirements and uneven flows, which place high demands on flexibility and competence among employees. To a large extent, the competence within the case company is experience-based rather than standardized and is concentrated among a few key individuals. This, together with the absence of work instructions, leads to vulnerability in the organization and complicates job rotation and training.

The analysis clarifies that training, competence, and job rotation are mutually dependent. Structured training builds the competence required to enable job rotation, which in turn creates efficient, flexible, and robust return processes required in a varied 3PL environment.

The study concludes that efficiency in return processes within 3PL operations depends on a balance between standardized work methods and flexibility. The most critical factors for an efficient return process are competence assurance, structured training, and effective job rotation. To achieve stable return handling, individual knowledge must be transformed into organizational standards through clear and updated work instructions. This reduces dependence on individual key personnel and ensures consistent quality despite complex and varying requirements.

Digitalization within municipal health and social care involves changing work practices and increasing demands on licensed healthcare professionals. Previous research has shown that managerial support is important during organizational change processes, but there is limited knowledge regarding how such support is experienced by licensed healthcare professionals in connection with the implementation of digital work practices within municipal health and social care. The aim of the study was to investigate licensed healthcare professionals’ experiences of the support they receive from their immediate manager during the implementation of digital work practices within municipal health and social care. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach with an inductive perspective. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with nurses, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists working in home healthcare, residential care facilities, and LSS services. The material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings show that managerial support is perceived as important during the implementation of digital work practices, but that the support often is characterized by ambiguity, limited influence, and insufficient organizational conditions. Responsibility for managing and making digital work practices function is largely perceived as being transferred to licensed healthcare professionals and work groups. The findings also highlight how uncertainty regarding responsibility, regulatory compliance, and work practices could affect professional integrity and experiences of psychological safety in the workplace. The study indicates that managerial support during digital implementation cannot solely be understood as individual leadership behaviours; it must also be understood in relation to organizational structures, the distribution of responsibility, and the conditions for collectively managing changing work practices.

Vårdtyngd framstår som ett komplext och svårfångat begrepp inom kommunal äldreomsorg och saknar ofta tydliga riktlinjer för hur det ska bedömas och omsättas i resursfördelning. Detta skapar organisatoriska utmaningar för enhetschefer som ansvarar för att balansera verksamhetens behov och tillgängliga resurser. Samtidigt finns begränsad kunskap om hur enhetschefer beskriver, bedömer och hanterar vårdtyngd i praktiken. Syftet med studien var därför att belysa hur enhetschefer inom kommunal äldreomsorg beskriver, bedömer och hanterar vårdtyngd. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex enhetschefer inom kommunal äldreomsorg. Datamaterialet analyserades med reflexiv tematisk analys enligt Braun och Clarke (2006). Resultatet visar att vårdtyngd förstås som ett mångdimensionellt och situationsberoende fenomen, där både somatiska, kognitiva och organisatoriska faktorer påverkar arbetsbelastningen i verksamheten. Bedömning och hantering av vårdtyngd sker i stor utsträckning utan standardiserade riktlinjer, vilket innebär att enhetschefer i hög grad behöver förlita sig på egna erfarenheter och situationsbaserade strategier. Samtidigt begränsas handlingsutrymmet av ekonomiska och organisatoriska ramar. I diskussionen tolkas resultaten i relation till Job Demands–Resources-teorin (JD-R), tidigare forskning samt organisatoriska och strukturella förutsättningar inom äldreomsorgen. Studien synliggör hur brist på gemensamma riktlinjer och begränsat organisatoriskt stöd påverkar enhetschefers handlingsutrymme och möjligheter att bedriva ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap. Resultaten synliggör även en spänning mellan behovet av flexibilitet i det operativa arbetet och kravet på en likvärdig och hållbar äldreomsorg.

Background: In intensive care, critically ill patients are treated by an interprofessional team. Despite intensive interventions, the course of illness cannot always be reversed, and decisions regarding withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment must be made. As part of the interprofessional team, the intensive care nurse plays a significant role during the transition, bearing substantial responsibility for the care of these patients, where alleviation of suffering and preservation of patient dignity are essential aspects. The intensive care nurse is responsible for the caring relationship and facilitates the provision of care in accordance with the wishes of the patient and their loved ones. The decision-making process can be complex, and the extent of the intensive care nurse’s involvement in this process varies. Aim: To describe intensive care nurses experiences of the transition from life-sustaining treatment to palliative care in the context of intensive care. Methods: A systematic literature review based on qualitative original articles was conducted in accordance with the method described by Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry (2016). Literature searches were performed in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, yielding 397 results. Following the selection process, including quality appraisal using the CASP checklist, sixteen original articles remained. All included articles were ethically approved, and ethical considerations were addressed throughout the research process. Results: Team collaboration—encompassing medical leadership, interdisciplinary cooperation, and limited involvement in the decision-making process—was perceived as important aspects of the transition. Communication and the provision of information to patients and their loved ones were described as challenging. Alleviating suffering and promoting a dignified death were regarded as the most important responsibilities of intensive care nurses. The nurses strived to provide holistic care, viewing themselves as advocates for both patients and their loved ones. The transition process had an emotional impact on the intensive care nurses. Conclusion: The transition from life-sustaining treatment to palliative care was described as a complex and emotionally charged process. Experiences were shaped by team collaboration, participation in decision-making and communication with patients and their loved ones.

How children express pain is age dependant. Children also have different psychological needs than adults, depending on age and development. ICU nurses who work with children must also consider the child perspective and the best interests of the child in all aspects. There are particular challenges for the ICU nurse to assess, address and alleviate physical suffering such as pain. The aim for this systematic review with a quantitative design, was to investigate nurses’ pain assessment and pain management for children in the ICU. A systematic search using databases Cinahl, Medline, and PubMed were conducted as well as a secondary search. A total of 13 articles were evaluated using a systematic quality framework and included in the data analysis. The results showed a notable difference in pain management, the use of pain assessment tools and how nurses assess pain. However, there was an overall consensus regarding the importance of pain assessment and the significance of structured use of pain scales. After the introduction of nurse-driven pediatric analgesia and sedation protocols, the frequency of pain assessments increased. Only one out of seven studies proved a significant reduction in the mean dose of opioids used after the implementation. Since at the same time several studies showed a significantly reduction of benzodiazepines used, the conclusion is that further research is needed to clarify causal relationships and provide more knowledge for designing Best Practice guidelines för analgosedation of children in the ICU.

Frequent changes in management are a common phenomenon in municipal primary healthcare. A change of manager affects nurses’ psychosocial work environment in various ways. The Work Environment Act regulates how managers and employees should work together to achieve a sustainable and acceptable work environment. To ensure sustainability in healthcare, the work environment of nurses should be considered to reduce the risk of burnout and turnover. Previous research focus on how a manager’s leadership style influences nurses’ turnover intentions. The aim of the study is to examine nurses’ experiences of how the psychosocial work environment is affected by leadership turnover within municipal primary healthcare. The method was qualitative and eight semistructured interviews were conducted and then analysed inductively using a descriptive approach. The results show that changes in management often lead to increased stress, create concern within the group, and take a significant amount of time, both at work and in the nurses´ private lives. It was also found that work environment management was rarely prioritized in the workplace. Many nurses lacked information about the leadership turnover, and several expressed a desire to be involved in the recruitment process. The results indicate that nurses need support related to leadership turnover to reduce the risk of increased concern and stress within the workgroup. The analysis shows that insufficient introduction for new managers may contribute to a knowledge gap, which in turn affects continuity within the organization. In conclusion, leadership turnover is seen to affect not only the individual assuming a new position, but also employees’ work environment.

This study examines how threats and violence affect teachers' psychosocial work environment in middle and secondary schools, as well as how principals experience and manage these situations from an organizational perspective. The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how teachers are affected by threats and violence in the school environment, with a focus on stress, safety, and professional wellbeing. The study also highlights how organizational and collegial support are experienced in relation to threatening and violent situations. The study had a qualitative approach in which six semi-structured interviews were conducted with four teachers and two principals working inmunicipal compulsory schools in southern Sweden. The study is based on a phenomenological perspective and is analyzed using Karasek's Demand-Control-Support Model, Emotional Labour Theory, and the theory of coercive isomorphism. Scientific articles and previous research were also used to address the study's research questions. The interviews indicated that threats and violence constitute a recurring part of teachers' everyday work, where verbal abuse was described as the most common form of victimization. Participants also shared experiences of physical violence and threatening situations that affected their sense of safety and well-being in their professional role. Several participants described how threats and violence had partly become normalized within the school environment and how teachers were often expected to manage such situations as part of their profession. The interviews further highlighted that organizational and collegial support are important in managing these situations, while shortcomings in resources, routines, and preventive work environment management also emerged. The study therefore contributes to a deeper understanding of how threats and violence in schools may affect both teachers' work environment and the organizational conditions within schools.

Background: Adolescence is a time of exploration of an independent identity while an increased reporting of mental ill-health is seen. The environment has a great importance for pubertal development and mental health. Therefore, there is a need for continuous work to promote mental health in the school environment. The school nurse should work on health promotion of the work environment together with students and the principal. There is a need to shed light on young people's lived experiences of their environment and how this can contribute to well-being and prevent mental illness. Aim: To elucidate thoughts that adolescents have about how their work environment at school can promote well-being and prevent mental illness. Method: An empirical study based on a qualitative approach. Data collection consisted of questionnaires aimed at adolescents of high school age. The data has been analyzed with a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: Findings show that a sustainable school environment requires student involvement and adult responsiveness. Key factors for mental health include conditions for learning, that adolescents feel a sense of belonging and the design of the room. Conclusion: To support adolescents'mental health, adults should listen to adolescent´s views on how school environments can promote well-being and prevent mental illness and involving adolescents in school improvements. Active work with mental health and well-being from a salutogenic perspective with inclusive environments, respectful relationships and a sense of belonging strengthens the health and development of adolescents and enables learning.

Background: Mental ill health is a major public health concern, and individuals living with mental ill health continue to experience stigma within healthcare services. Stigma may be expressed through negative attitudes, prejudice, and social distance, which can adversely affect therapeutic relationships and the quality of care. Aim: The aim was to illuminate factors influencing mental health nurses’ attitudes towards patients with mental ill health, with a particular focus on stigma. Method: The study was conducted as an integrative systematic literature review based on twelve scientific articles with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The articles were identified through systematic searches in the databases CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Results: The findings were presented in four main themes: (1) stigmatizing beliefs and social distance, (2) knowledge, education, and professional competence, (3) empathy and perceptions of recovery, and (4) organizational and contextual factors. Stigmatizing beliefs, such as perceptions of dangerousness and unpredictability, contributed to increased distance in care encounters. Lack of knowledge and uncertainty were associated with more negative attitudes, whereas education and clinical experience promoted more positive attitudes. Empathy and positive perceptions of recovery contributed to a more respectful approach towards patients. At the same time, organizational factors such as high workload, time constraints, and insufficient support affected the ability to maintain an empathetic approach in care. Conclusion: Mental health nurses’ attitudes are influenced by both individual and organizational factors. Knowledge, clinical experience, and empathy may contribute to reducing stigma and strengthening the therapeutic relationship, whereas high workload, time constraints, and insufficient organizational support may reinforce negative attitudes. The findings indicate that both individual and organizational interventions are needed to reduce stigma and improve care for individuals with mental ill health.

In recent years, the number of multicultural teams working in the municipal elder care sector has increased. Along with this increase, several challenges have emerged due to cultural differences, making it difficult for first-line managers to lead these teams efficiently while maintaining service quality. This study aims to explore how firstline managers in elder care homes address challenges arising from cultural differences and building trust within multicultural teams. This study adopted a qualitative exploratory approach, using semi-structured interviews with six first-line managers from an elder care home in a Swedish municipality. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The aim was to highlight their experiences and perspectives regarding the study's objectives. The results showed that communication barriers, differing conceptions of authority, challenges in building trust, and a lack of training and activities tailored to multicultural teams were among the main obstacles these teams faced. The findings also pointed out the importance of inclusive leadership practices in creating a psychologically safe work environment where authority barriers are reduced, team members feel comfortable expressing their opinions and participating freely, and all individuals receive support and appreciation from their leaders. This contributes to building trust, enhancing cooperation, and consequently improving team performance and the quality of care provided.

In Sweden and other Western countries, demographic shifts driven by an ageing population and declining birth rates have contributed to an increased retirement age and a growing need for extended working lives. Simultaneously, there is a pronounced shortage of specialist trained intensive care nurses, which could lead to a substantial risk for limited competence supply in intensive care. Previous research demonstrates that intensive care work is characterised by considerable physical, psychological, and organisational demands, underscoring the importance of sustainable working conditions to enable longer working lives. To examine how intensive care nurses perceive their current work environment and which age related needs they consider most important for being able and willing to remain in the profession until retirement, a quantitative, web based survey, based on validated questions from the SwAge-model was conducted. The survey was distributed to all 80 intensive care units in Sweden and completed by 441 intensive care nurses. The results showed that the factors most strongly promoting extended working lives in intensive care are high job satisfaction, positive workplace community, and opportunities for professional development and health promoting activities. However, insufficient recovery and limited influence over work schedules emerged as significant barriers to remaining in the profession until retirement. The study reveals a discrepancy between national directives on age adapted working conditions and how such adaptations are implemented in practice. These shortcomings could contribute to premature attrition among intensive care nurses. Addressing these challenges requires that organisations and policymakers implement concrete measures that improve working conditions, strengthen recovery, secure competence provision, and support a sustainable working life within intensive care.

  Phishing is one of the most prevalent cyber threats facing organizations. Attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated as attackers integrate artificial intelligence to automate and enhance their methods. However traditional rule-based detection systems have demonstrated limited capability against new and old unseen attacks, driving growing interest in AI-based detection approaches.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and evaluate AI-based methods for phishing detection in email communication through analysis of both text content and metadata. Three machine learning models are compared: Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest. Experiments are conducted in two configurations, one based solely on text data and one based on a combination of text and metadata, using the publicly available Nazario_5.csv dataset.

Results show that all models achieve very high classification performance on the training dataset, with accuracy, F1-score, and AUC values exceeding 0.99. SVM achieves the highest performance with a recall of 1.0, correctly identifying all phishing messages. When generalizing to a synthetic dataset, performance degrades significantly across all models, indicating that the models have partially learned dataset specific patterns rather than general phishing indicators.

The study identifies dataset bias, reliance on older public datasets and the static nature of trained models as central limitations for practical deployment in organizational environments. Overall, the study demonstrates that AI-based methods represent a promising complement to rule-based systems, but their practical value depends heavily on access to current and representative training data as well as continuous retraining.

Bakgrund: Sepsis är ett allvarligt och livshotande världsomfattande hälsoproblem där cirka 49 miljoner människor i världen drabbas varje år. Tillståndet innebär att kroppens immunförsvar överreagerar till anledning av en infektion. Sepsisöverlevarna drabbas av långvariga fysiska och kognitiva besvär som benämns som postsepsissyndrom. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i tidig identifiering av sepsis, initiera åtgärder och övervaka patientens vitala parametrar då rollen innefattar ett patientnära arbete. Syfte: Att belysa personers upplevelse av livet efter sepsis. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som inkluderade både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. För att säkerställa hög kvalitet av artiklarna användes Fribergs kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Resultat: Det framkom två huvudteman utifrån analysen: “Förändrad livssituation“ och “Bristande uppföljning”, även tillhörande subteman skapades. Resultatet visar att konsekvenserna av sepsis leder till en förändrad livsvärld och skapar olika problem i vardagen. Det framkommer även brist på information och uppföljning för personerna vilket medför oro och del ämnas ensamma i att söka vård. Slutsats: Sepsisöverlevare upplever ofta långvariga begränsningar som påverkar deras självständighet och dagliga liv, där bristen av information, uppföljning och stöd från vården försvårar återhämtningen. Det behövs därför förbättrade riktlinjer och ökad kunskap hos sjuksköterskor för att kunna arbeta utifrån ett patientperspektiv och underlätta återhämtningen.

The labour market is currently facing major challenges in terms of competence provision and retention. The Swedish welfare sector emphasize that the challenge of securing competence significantly affects the public sector, where efforts related to competence supply are considered crucial for municipalities and regions. Using a qualitative approach, the aim of this study was to examine how a municipality works to develop and retain competence. Through seven semi structured interviews with HR employees, the study also sought to highlight the organizational conditions described as influencing this work. The results of the study were analysed using the theoretical concepts of competence development and job embeddedness, together with neo-institutional theory. The work of developing and retaining competence within a municipality emerges as a process consisting of several separate, yet interconnected activities embedded in daily operations. Competence development occurs through both formal and informal learning processes, however, the primary form of competence development for all employees takes place through informal learning. To retain competence, the social and organizational work environment, particularly in relation to colleagues and managers, appears to be the most prominent factor. Furthermore, this work is influenced by external and internal organizational conditions such as the economy, national and local politics, legislation and regulations, organizational culture at different levels, the size of the public administration and budgetary conditions. Consequently, the work of developing and retaining competence is not only affected by organizational conditions but also shaped by them.

Till följd av ökad migration möter sjuksköterskor i allt större utsträckning patienter med varierande språkliga bakgrunder, vilket kan medföra kommunikationssvårigheter i mötet. Kommunikation är en central förutsättning för att kunna uppnå en säker vård, men språkbarriär kan leda till missförstånd, bristande informationsöverföring och minskad delaktighet. Tidigare forskning visar att detta kan påverka patientsäkerhet och vårdkvalitet negativt. Samtidigt saknas en aktuell sammanställning av sjuksköterskans upplevelse av vård vid språkbarriär. Syftet med studien var därmed att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med språkbarriär inom somatisk slutenvård. Studien genomfördes som en integrerad litteraturöversikt av kvalitativa studier med inspiration från metasyntes. Datainsamlingen utfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed, där tio vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades efter kvalitetsgranskning. Resultatet visade att språkbarriärer upplevdes som en betydande utmaning som försvårade kommunikationen, ökade arbetsbelastningen och påverkade vårdrelationen negativt. Sjuksköterskan upplevde osäkerhet kring patientsäkerheten samt svårigheter att göra korrekta bedömningar. Samtidigt framkom att strategier som användning av tolk och icke-verbal kommunikation kunde bidra till att skapa förståelse, även om dessa inte fullt löste problemet. I diskussionen framhålls att språkbarriär påverkar både vårdkvalitet och sjuksköterskans arbetsvillkor. Det finns behov av ökat organisatoriskt stöd, förbättrad tillgång till tolkar och stärkt kommunikativ kompetens för att säkerställa en personcentrerad och säker vård.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för hur interimchefer, som organisatoriska outsiders, upplever och hanterar sin position i organisationer där de verkar under tidsbegränsade chefsuppdrag. Studien fokuserar särskilt på hur interimchefer beskriver sina möjligheter att etablera legitimitet och skapa handlingsutrymme i relation till etablerade strukturer, normer och maktrelationer. Vidare undersöks hur dessa förutsättningar påverkar deras möjligheter att utöva ledarskap i organisationen. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsansats och baseras på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med interimchefer verksamma inom vård och omsorg. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats genom tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter utgörs av Elias och Scotsons (2010) figurationsteori samt Suchmans (1995) legitimitetsbegrepp. Resultatet visar att interimchefer träder in i organisationer där etablerade relationer, normer och arbetssätt redan är institutionaliserade, vilket innebär att deras position formas i relation till redan etablerade sociala strukturer och maktrelationer. Interimchefer intar därmed ofta en outsiderposition i verksamheten och behöver skapa relationell förankring för att få genomslag i rollen. Studien visar vidare att legitimitet inte automatiskt följer av det formella chefsmandatet, utan kontinuerligt behöver etableras genom relationellt arbete, förståelse för verksamheten och förmågan att skapa konkreta resultat. Resultatet visar även att interimchefers handlingsutrymme formas i ett komplext samspel mellan formellt mandat, organisatoriska villkor och relationella förutsättningar. Den tidsbegränsade rollen kan skapa organisatoriskt oberoende och möjliggöra förändringsarbete, samtidigt som den begränsar möjligheten att bygga långsiktig legitimitet och organisatorisk förankring. Studien synliggör därmed hur interimledarskap behöver förstås som ett relationellt och kontextberoende fenomen, där legitimitet och handlingsutrymme kontinuerligt formas och omförhandlas i samspel med organisationens strukturer, normer och aktörer.

The purpose of this study is to examine how organizational values and the public service mission are communicated, translated, and enacted within Systembolaget, with a particular focus on employer branding as a tool for creating and maintaining organizational legitimacy. The study is based on the premise that the organization operates within a tension between social responsibility, service provision, and attractiveness as an employer in a decentralized organization. The study was conducted using a qualitative research approach in which semi-structured interviews were combined with text analysis. The empirical material consists of interviews with four store managers and one representative from the central level of the organization, together with organizational documents and website texts from Systembolaget. The analysis was carried out using an abductive approach, drawing on theories of organizational identity, employer branding, institutional legitimacy, and implementation and translation. The findings indicate that the public service mission constitutes the foundation of the organization's identity and employer brand. Employer branding is used not only to attract employees but also to communicate and embed organizational values such as responsibility, care, and public health. Furthermore, the study shows a relatively strong alignment between the organization's external communication and its internal practices, which contributes to its credibility and legitimacy. At the same time, the findings reveal that centrally formulated values and guidelines are not implemented identically throughout the organization. Instead, they are translated and adapted to local store contexts. In this process, store managers assume a central role as carriers of organizational culture and as translators between central governance and local practice. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how employer branding can functionas both an organizational and institutional tool in public-oriented organizations where legitimacy, values, and public service missions are closely interconnected.

Homes built in the 1970s are not particularly energy efficient by today’s standard. This makes energy efficiency improvements in existing homes crucial to achieving Sweden's and the EU's energy and climate goals for 2030. There is therefore great potential to improve energy performance through energy efficiency measures. This contributes to lower energy costs, reduced climate impact, and improved indoor climate.

The aim of the study is to provide a general understanding of investigating the potential for energy efficiency improvement of terraced houses from the 1970s through simulation and a questionnaire survey to residents. The study is carried out with a combination of energy simulations in IDA ICE with responses from residents regarding energy use, implemented energy improvement measures and resident behavior. The original drawings have been used to create a reference model that represents the energy performance of the building during construction. The results show that measures such as replacing energy efficient windows, improving doors, reducing thermal bridges and additional insulation of the exterior walls have great potential for reducing energy use in terraced houses from the 1970s. However, even these measures do not meet today's energy performance requirements according to the BBR.

The survey results provide an overview of which measures are practically and economically reasonable to implement in existing buildings. The results from the survey also show that economic conditions are the most important factor influencing residents' choices to implement energy efficiency measures. The conclusion is that energy efficiency improvements in existing terraced houses from the 1970s have great potential for reducing energy use but are affected by economic, practical and behavioural factors. At the same time, it may be difficult for older buildings to fully meet today's energy requirements according to the BBR when renovating 1970s houses. Therefore, extensive measures are required, which may involve measures such as new construction rather than renovation.

Det moderna arbetslivet har blivit alltmer gränslöst till följd av digitalisering, flexibilitet och ökade krav på tillgängligheten. Detta har bidragit till att gränserna mellan arbetsliv och privatliv blivit mer otydliga. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur HR-konsulter upplever, beskriver och hanterar gränslöst arbete. Studien genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex respondenter som arbetar som HR konsulterinom privat sektor i Sverige. Studien har inspirerats av ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv och det empiriska materialet har analyserats genom en tematisk analys. Teorierna krav-kontrollstöd samt work/family border theory har bidragit till analysen av empirin. Den tidigare forskning som presenteras om gränslöst arbete, flexibilitet, organisatoriskt ansvar, digital tillgänglighet samt autonomi belyser den utforskade bilden av gränslösheten. Resultatet visar att gränslöst arbete upplevs som dubbelt, som en möjlighet och en utmaning. Självstyrning, självreglering och flexibilitet är de aspekter som beskrivs på ett positivt sätt genom att de möjliggör anpassning mellan arbetslivet och det privata. Det framkommer även att otydliga förväntningar, hög tillgänglighet och kundrelationer kan bidra till svårigheter för gränssättning. Studien visar att gränslöst arbete inte enbart ligger i individens egna val utan även i organisatoriska villkor och kundernas förväntningar. Resultatet bidrar med ökad och fördjupad förståelse av HR-konsulters upplevelser av gränslöst arbete och belyser vikten av tydliga gränser för att skapa ett hållbart arbetsliv.

Användningen av provanställningar har ökat under de senaste decennierna och anställningsformen är förknippad med en högre grad av upplevd otrygghet på arbetsmarknaden. Därför har denna studie undersökt hur personer med en provanställning upplever kraven i arbetet samt vilka möjligheter de har till kontroll och socialt stöd. Vidare undersöktes hur dessa medarbetare förhåller sig till den ovisshet som följer av att vara provanställd. Studien är kvalitativ och utgår från ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv, där datainsamlingen baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som är eller nyligen har varit provanställda. Studiens resultat visar på en upplevelse av höga krav och hög grad av kontroll i arbetet, tillsammans med ett starkt kollegialt stöd och ett bristfälligt stöd från chefer. Det framkom även strategier för att förhålla sig till ovissheten, vilka består av att upprätthålla en positiv inställning, att hålla tillbaka åsikter och undvika att ifrågasätta, samt att överprestera. Den upplevda kontrollen och det starka kollegiala stödet verkar dock inte kompensera för den otrygghet som anställningsformen innebär, då det centrala problemet framstår vara den bristande tryggheten. Att chefsstödet upplevs som bristfälligt gör att individen lämnas ensam i att hantera sin osäkerhet, vilket sker genom individuella strategier som utvecklas för att hantera och förhålla sig till den ovisshet som provanställningen innebär.

Endometriosis is a disease that affects women of childbearing age. The disease is often characterized by symptoms such as intense pain and prolonged healthcare processes, as well as an uncertain path to diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis often leads to an absence of care and causes increased physical and psychological suffering for the woman. Consistently, this absence of care manifests in the form of inadequate communication and treatment, a lack of a holistic perspective, poor person-centered care, and insufficient emotional support. Consequently, this resulted in suffering related to the illness, suffering related to care, and suffering related to life. The aim of the study was to illuminate women´s experiences of healthcare professionals’ attitude and treatment in endometriosis care. The method applied was a literature review, in which eight qualitative articles were used to produce the results. A total of three themes emerged. The results show that the women's experiences were twofold, with a majority expressing dissatisfaction regarding their treatment within the healthcare system for endometriosis. The women expressed negative care experiences characterized by the normalization of symptoms, poor communication, neglectful encounters, lack of competence, and care lacking a holistic perspective. Based on these issues, a discussion was held on how the women's experiences of their healthcare encounters for endometriosis affected their quality of life, finances, and suffering, as well as how these aspects can impact resource availability and sustainable development.

The purpose of this thesis is to quantify the production losses caused by soiling in a real solar installation and to evaluate the effect of cleaning and surface treatment with the product Smart Boozt under Swedish operating conditions.

The study was conducted at Börshult ground-mounted installation in Sandhult, a 30-kW system with 80 panels and two inverters, in collaboration with Parkys Solar. Four panel groups were compared simultaneously during the period 18 May to 1 June 2026; two undisturbed reference groups, one group cleaned and treated with Smart Boozt, and one group only cleaned. Power output data was collected via the Solis Cloud monitoring system at five minute intervals. Weather data from SMHI and solar irradiance data from PVGIS were used as supplementary sources. A principal component analysis was conducted to statistically identify the factors dominating production variation.

Results show that soiling caused a production loss of up to 17 % in the days prior to cleaning. Cleaning provided an immediate improvement, reducing the difference against the reference group to under 2 %. The cleaning effect remained stable throughout the measurement period with no signs of deterioration, but the 14-day measurement period is insufficient to draw conclusions about long-term performance development. A comparison of monthly inverter output shows the ratio between the two inverters increased by 5.7 percentage points on sunny days after cleaning. PCA analysis statistically confirmed that the relative difference between the groups is linked to time of day rather than irradiance level, providing statistical support for the morning effect.

No measurable production advantage could be confirmed for Smart Boozt compared to cleaning alone, because the two treatments could not be measured separately. Smart Boozt treated panels consistently performed up to 47 % better during morning hours, suggesting a potential anti-reflective effect. A visual inspection on 1 June showed that pollen had been washed off the treated panels by rain while remaining on the untreated panels, indicating that the coating is active. Cleaning alone has a payback period of approximately 6 years at an electricity price of 0.50 SEK/kWh, but at the low summer spot prices, cleaning is not economically self-sustaining per occasion. A follow up study over a full season is recommended to confirm the effect and evaluate long-term economic viability.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka vilken typ och på vilka sätt som vidareutbildning och kompetensutveckling erbjuds inom en kommunal förvaltning i en medelstor svensk kommun, samt att undersöka vad de anställda anser fungerar bra, och vad som eventuellt upplevs kunna förbättras när det kommer till kompetensutvecklingen på deras arbetsplats. Studien ämnar till sist att ge en inblick i medarbetarnas tillvägagångssätt och strategier för att utnyttja tillgången till kompetensutvecklande aktiviteter och utbildningar på arbetsplatsen. Den första frågeställning som studien utgår ifrån är vilken typ av kompetensutveckling och lärande som de anställda inom organisationen upplever att de har tillgång till i nuläget. Den andra handlar om vilka eventuella svårigheter och hinder de anställda upplever finns när det gäller individuella och organisatoriska förutsättningarna för kompetensutveckling och fortbildning på deras arbetsplats. Den tredje frågeställningen handlar om vilka tillvägagångssätt de anställda har för att i praktiken utnyttja de möjligheter till kompetensutveckling och vidareutbildning på arbetsplatsen som finns tillgänglig. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter grundar sig i den lärande organisationen, formellt och informellt lärande, samt arbetsidentitet. För att besvara syfte och frågeställningar har en kvalitativ studie gjorts, med utgångspunkt i empiriskt material som genererats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. De huvudsakliga fynd som studien resulterat i är att medarbetarna upplever tillgången till såväl formell som informell kompetensutveckling som till stor del mättad inom deras arbete, och att en del av deras arbete därmed utgörs av att göra självständiga bedömningar och prioriteringar kring vilken kompetensutveckling som är mest relevant för dem. Medarbetarna upplever också att de viktigaste källorna till kunskap och utvecklandet av deras egna kompetenser inkluderar kollegialt utbyte, samverkan inom och mellan verksamheter, samt kommunikation med kommunens invånare. Studiens resultat visar också att medarbetarna upplever att de har en stor självständighet och frihet i utformandet av sitt arbete och vilken kompetensutveckling de tar del av, men att de också stundtals upplever att deras professionella kunskaper inte får fäste i kommunens riktlinjer för arbetet. Resultaten visar också medarbetarnas upplevelser av hur implementeringar av arbetsmetoder ibland går alltför långsamt i kommunen, varpå man lyfter vikten av att metoder införs systematiskt för att det ska få det utfall som avses.

Våld i nära relationer är ett omfattande globalt folkhälsoproblem och medför betydande konsekvenser för kvinnors hälsa. Genom att uppmärksamma våldsutsatthet kan kvinnor få tillgång till stöd, både för att lämna en våldssituation och hantera dess konsekvenser. Sjuksköterskor anses ha en unik position i arbetet med att uppmärksamma våldsutsatthet hos kvinnor inom vården. Trots att många kvinnor söker vård förblir våldet ibland oupptäckt, vilket är problematiskt då möjligheten till stöd minskar och konsekvenserna riskerar att förvärras. Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att uppmärksamma kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie och omfattade 14 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultatet visade två teman: Att bära ansvaret att upptäcka våld samt Att uppleva hinder i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor med tillhörande subteman. I resultatet framkommer att sjuksköterskors förhållningssätt hade stor betydelse för att skapa förtroende och uppmärksamma våldsutsatthet. Sjuksköterskor använde ibland egenutvecklade arbetssätt för att uppmärksamma eller ge stöd till den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Screening upplevdes som en utmaning i vårdandet som kunde bero på bristande kännedom och begränsad erfarenhet. Emotionella reaktioner som uppstod i vårdmötet resulterade i att sjuksköterskor valde att distansera sig. Hög arbetsbelastning, osäkerhet kring riktlinjer, ansvar, bristande kunskap och kulturella normer försvårade arbetet med att uppmärksamma och ge adekvat vård. Brister på organisatorisk nivå är svåra för sjuksköterskor att påverka, medan de kunskapsluckor som finns kan åtgärdas genom utbildning.

Diabetes typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom och ett växande folkhälsoproblem i Sverige. Sjukdomen medför en ökad risk för allvarliga komplikationer samt kräver omfattande livsstilsförändringar, vilket kan vara utmanande att upprätthålla över tid. Detta kan påverka patientens livskvalitet samt leda till både fysiskt och psykiskt lidande. Syfte med denna studie var att belysa vuxna patienters upplevelse av att leva med diabetes typ 2. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats, där tidigare forskning granskades och sammanställdes. Litteratursökningen utfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed som innehåller vetenskapliga artiklar inom omvårdnads- och medicinsk forskning. De utvalda artiklar kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av Fribergs granskningsmall för kvalitativa studier, vilket resulterade i att totalt nio artiklar inkluderades i studien. Vid analys av artiklar skapades två teman och nio subteman. Resultaten indikerar att livet för patienter med diabetes typ 2 präglas av komplexitet, oro, rädsla för potentiella komplikationer samt känslor av skuld och social stigmatisering. Anpassningen till nya livsstilsrutiner och egenvården framstår som en långvarig och krävande process, försvårad av såväl ekonomiska som kulturella faktorer samt utmaningar kring läkemedelshantering, fysisk aktivitet och kostförändringar. Bristande individanpassad information och stöd från vårdpersonal försvårar patienternas förmåga att hantera sjukdomen samt upprätthålla egenvård. Studien betonar vikten av att sjuksköterskan utgår från patientens individuella förutsättningar och livsvärld vid planering och genomförande av omvårdnadsinsatser.

The construction and real estate sector are facing increasing demands for resource efficiency, sustainability and technological development. In this context digital twins and artificial intelligence (AI) are highlighted as key tools for enabling a more proactive and data-driven approach to property management. The aim of this study is to examine how digital twins in combination with AI can contribute to more efficient operation and maintenance of buildings as well as to explore how these technologies compare to traditional maintenance methods. The study is based on a qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews with professionals in property management. Empirical data was collected from two real estate organizations and analyzed using thematic analysis. This method enabled an in-depthunderstanding of how the technologies are applied in practice as well as the opportunities and challenges associated with their implementation. The results show that digital twins and AI enable continuous collection and analysis of operational data, creating conditions for more proactive maintenance strategies. By identifying anomalies at an early stage, actions can be planned before failures occur, reducing the risk of operational downtime and improving resource efficiency. However, the findings also indicate that property management practices are still characterized by a combination of proactive and reactive approaches, where experience-based judgments and manual processes continue to play an important role. The analysis further shows that the potential of these technologies is highly dependent on dataquality, system integration, and organizational maturity. Insufficient data structuring and complex technical systems may limit the full utilization of AI-based solutions. Moreover, implementation requires significant resources in terms of time, expertise, and investment, and AI systems need to be trained over time to achieve reliable results. In conclusion, the study shows that digital twins and AI have strong potential to transform property management from a reactive to a more proactive and predictive approach. However, realizing this potential requires not only technological development but also organizational adaptation and long-term competence building.

Conflicts within healthcare are common and affect both the work environment and the quality of care, placing demands on managers’ ability to handle them in a constructive manner. Previous research shows that conflict management is a complex process in which various factors interact, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding. The aim of this study was therefore to examine which factors influence how managers in healthcare manage conflicts. The study was conducted as a literature review, in which scientific articles were identified through systematic searches in databases and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that experience, emotional competence, and conflict management style are key individual factors, while work climate, organizational support, and structural conditions are important at the organizational level. Furthermore, it is discussed that effective conflict management requires an integrated perspective in which managers’ individual capabilities interact with organizational resources, emphasizing the importance of developing both leadership and the work environment in order to promote sustainable and constructive practices.

Efter covid-19 pandemin har hybridarbete blivit en allt mer etablerad arbetsform och skapat förändrade förutsättningar för arbetslivet. Tidigare forskning framhäver att hybridarbete kan medföra ökad flexibilitet och självständighet. Däremot lyfter forskningen även fram utmaningar som hybridarbete kan medföra, exempelvis arbetsbelastning, tillgänglighet och gränsdragning mellan arbete och privatliv. Tidigare forskning har i större utsträckning fokuserat på medarbetares upplevelser, medan kvalitativ forskning om chefers upplevelser inom området är begränsad. Denna studie undersöker hur chefer i ledningspositioner inom tjänstemannasektorn upplever balansen mellan arbete och privatliv i en hybrid arbetsmiljö samt vilka faktorer som upplevs ha betydelse för denna balans. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsdesign i form av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att skapa förståelse för respondenternas upplevelser tillämpades ett tolkande hermeneutiskt perspektiv tillsammans med en abduktiv ansats. Empirin analyserades utifrån tidigare forskning samt relevanta teoretiska utgångspunkter som Work/Family Border Theory, krav-resurs-modellen samt ett ledarskapsperspektiv.