[...]Lärarutbildningen vid Högskolan i Borås har alltså bedömts hålla hög kvalitet. Ett skäl till detta framgår av Högskoleverkets motiveringar och handlar om en god balans mellan vetenskaplig och professionsbaserad kompetens bland lärar-utbildarna. I den här rapporten ges ett smakprov på områden där enskilda lärare vid institutionen har fördjupade kunskaper och intressen. Utgångspunkten för artiklarna är texter skrivna inom ramen för en kurs, Lärarutbildning och veten-skaplighet, läsåret 2008-09. De sju artiklarna behandlar på olika sätt och med olika utgångspunkter och tillämpningar, relationen mellan teori och praktik, just den fråga som har varit, är och ständigt kommer att vara lärarutbildningens kärnfråga.

The inclusion of ethics and integrity in preservice teacher education can refer to several contexts. The first context is academic integrity for preservice teachers with a focus on incorporating academic integrity in their own studies within higher education, as well as teaching them different components of academic writing including proper referencing techniques to enable them to write their own academic texts. The second context is developing the professional ethics of these future teachers, as a lived practice as well as through ethical codes. The third context is giving preservice teachers pedagogical and didactic knowledge and instruments to teach academic integrity and ethics to their future students in primary and secondary education, in order to prepare them for their own higher education endeavours. While attention is paid to the first and the second context, the third one is only rarely treated as a part of preservice teacher education as it is usually assumed that the first context is indirectly giving enough preparation for a preservice teacher to subsequently mediate ethics and integrity to his or her students. In this paper, we argue that this assumption is problematic and propose the inclusion of the third context – preparing future teachers to teach academic integrity and ethics – in preservice teacher education. Although the chapter uses the preservice teacher education in Sweden as a starting point, the three ethical contexts that are identified are not limited to any particular national preservice education system but are relevant in other similar frameworks as well.

In this study, academic freedom in teacher education is related to preservice teachers' possibilities to develop critical and autonomous thinking in teaching practice. Self-awareness and self-confidence provide certainty to deal with the uncertain situation in teaching where creativity and judgment must be given priority over an instrumental teaching based on authorities, effective methods or ready-made solutions. Teacher educators thus need to promote academic freedom as both certainty and uncertainty. The aim of this paper is to provide enhanced understanding of the meanings and implications for teacher education of academic freedom, in the tension between certainty and uncertainty, based on a phenomenological study about preservice teachers' experiences of professional ethics. The results show that teacher educators' function as role models is crucial for preservice teachers' academic freedom in developing their teaching. A consensus on fundamental values provides openness in discussions that promote the student's critical attitude.

Ethics in teaching can be understood in different ways. In this article, ethics in teaching is interpreted as values that are expressed by the teacher through words or actions in interaction with students. Previous research has indicated that ethics in teaching with this meaning is difficult to recognize and verbalize. Professional ethics also seems to be randomized and built mostly on personal feelings. In an empirical study of professional ethics, data was analyzed in order to find the essence of the phenomenon professional ethics. The study indicated a lack of professional ethics in preparing and in following up teacher students for school-based training, in didactic plans and in dialogues with teacher educators in the field. This inspired the development of a didactic model, Didethics, in an attempt to make visible and to raise awareness of the importance of professional ethics in teaching. In this model, the essence of professional ethics according to the result of the empirical study becomes a part of didactics. Therefore, the implementation of the study and the result formulated as the essence of professional ethics is presented first, followed by the didactic model and descriptions of how it can be useful to future teachers.

This study examines student teachers’ reflections on recordings of their teaching during a period of internship related to a subject didactic course in Swedish. Bodily expressions, not as frequently explored as verbal ones, are in focus. Data consists of video papers, multimedia documents, combining clips of video recordings and reflective texts on the clips. The purpose is to gain knowledge about student teachers’ reflections on and learning of bodily expressions in teaching, using video papers. The analysis of the video papers is descriptive phenomenological, searching for the meanings of the phenomenon. The findings indicate that video papers contribute to student teachers’ reflections and learning about bodily expressions in terms of how they move in front of students, what impressions their bodies convey, how they manage to make contact and how they use their voices. Video papers complement the memory image and through recordings, bodily expressions get attention and are verbalized.

The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about student teachers’ reflections on and learning of physical expressions in teaching using video papers (a document that integrates video clips and reflective text). During internship in a subject didactic course in Swedish, student teachers are examined through video papers. This means that the supervisor records them during their lessons and the student teachers select some sections and write reflections on what they see on the clips. Physical expressions are made visible, can be related to feelings and thoughts in the situation as well as reflected. The student teachers’ video papers are empirical data to study reflections on bodily expressions in teaching and which learning reflections hold. Physical expressions include actions, body language and voice use. The analysis of the video papers is phenomenological, searching for the meanings of the phenomenon. The findings indicate that video papers contribute to student teachers’ reflections and learning about physical expressions in terms of how they move in front of students, what impressions their bodies convey, how they manage to make contact and how they use their voices. These are aspects of teaching that make a big difference to students, but may not get attention or be verbalized without recordings. Video papers can complement the memory image in a way that provides meaningful learning for the student teacher.

In education, there is a risk that joy in learning is counteracted by allowing a performance culture to dominate. Research shows that emotions are of great importance for results, motivation and well-being. This study aims to add knowledge about the essential meanings of joy in learning based on students' lived experiences and thereby implications for the learning environment. The essence of the phenomenon of joy in learning has been formulated through descriptive phenomenological analysis. Qualitative data consists of 25 narratives from students engaged in voluntary forms of education. The study shows that joy in learning emerges throughout the learning process, when students discover that they gain knowledge, understand and can control their learning process and achieve something with their knowledge. The implications for teaching involve awareness of the learning process providing a balance between structure, support, challenge and personal choice which was valued along with relationships that contribute to autonomy. 

During the pandemic, online teaching has been imposed and affected the relation between educators and preservice teachers. Suddenly, as an educator, you are in their private sphere and the previous clear boundaries between the private and the public as well as professional are loosened, for better or worse. In teacher education, preservice teachers’ lived experiences, their life worlds, can both be an asset and involve difficulties in the development of the professional role. Educators need to support preservice teachers in understanding their life worlds to become aware of their values and possibilities to express them in teaching. In this chapter, the aim is to discuss how educators can continue to develop reflective learning environments in an ethically responsible manner in the light of conditions formed during the pandemic. In the quest to become role models for future students, which means courage to enter the personal field, preservice teachers need to feel safe and confident in their reflective learning. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Narelle Lemon, Heidi Harju-Luukkainen, and Susanne Garvis; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.

Det lilla barnets envisa upprepande av nyfikna och kluriga frågor om allt möjligt är en tillgång i skolans värld. Ibland verkar dock elevers nyfikenhet ha försvunnit och det är svårt att motivera dem. Vad är det som utmärker glädjen i lärandet och hur kan vi gå tillväga för att främja glädje, lust och motivation så att eleverna behåller sin nyfikenhet och lust att lära under resten av sina liv

I den här boken tas dessa frågor upp utifrån elevernas egna erfarenheter och upplevelser. Genom många konkreta exempel, teorier och reflektionsfrågor diskuteras hur undervisning kan utformas för att främja glädjen. Konkreta didaktiska förslag ges i slutet på kapitlen.

Glädje, lust och motivation - det livslånga lärandet vänder sig främst till studenter som läser till grundlärare och ämneslärare, och kan även fungera som diskussionsunderlag för verksamma lärare.

Working conditions have become increasingly stressful in many workplaces and characterized by stress and adaptation to new situations. Workplace challenges require a positive and changeable attitude in young people. A person's willingness to adapt (proactive behavior) [1] is a necessary ability for employability and for development in working life. Ability to assess, evaluate and plan before a goal (self-regulation) [2] can be transformed into action can be reflected in students' thoughts about a "future job hunt". The representation of a person in the future can show hopes and aspirations (well-being) [3] in relation to a desirable work. The clearer and more accessible this representation is, the more insight into self-regulation and proactive behavior the individual has. By using expressive writing about "future work hunt", the individual can concretize the image of this "job hunt" which can lead to positive attitudes towards working life as it strengthens the individual's self-regulation. The purpose of the project is to investigate the relationship between self-regulation, proactive behavior and "future work hunt" with students in high school. The result is expected to provide knowledge about young people's expectations of working life and whether their attitude to the ability to get work can be influenced by expressive writing. The difficulties young people must deal with to get into the labor market today are similar in many countries. Efforts in developing young people's ability to cope with the difficulties are to a high degree lacking and therefore, this research is relevant in an international context.

Both in research and inthe Swedish curricula, positive emotions such as joy, pleasure and desire are said to stimulate learning. However, it is not clear what the meaning of joy is in relation to learning. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to gain knowledge about the essential meanings of the phenomenon joy in learning for children aged 9 and 12 years in compulsory school. The questions are as follows: What meanings constitute the phenomenon joy in learning in the current context? What implications do the findings have for teaching? The study is phenomenological and is based on interviews with or written stories by the participating children. The findings indicate how joy stimulates learning and emerges when children understand and ‘own’ their learning process. Teachers are important as ‘facilitators’ for joy in learning through being supportive and inspiring. Joy in learning during lessons is related to joy and friendship during school breaks. Teachers’ decisive importance for joy is discussed in relation to various modalities of pedagogical contact. Conclusions can be drawn that school breaks need attention from a learning perspective and that children need teacher support to understand their learning process.

Leading ethically- learning practically

In an empirical study about professional ethics as lived practice, student teachers and teacher educators both at campus and in field mention the teachers function as role model.

The aim of the empirical study is to examine and provide a better understanding of how student teachers implicitly (in action) and explicitly (through statements orally and written) express and learn their ethical responsibilities and what their statements tell us about professional ethics. One of the questions is:

•How does learning in professional ethics develop during the first semesters of teacher education?

Ethics deals with what is “good” and “right” and is linked to various ethical dilemmas. Views on ethics as being normative and descriptive cannot be fully separated. However, in this study, the ethics referred to are chiefly descriptive since the student teachers talk about their own experiences.  Challenges in teaching assignments consist of different ethical dilemmas. A dilemma does not have a right answer (Husu & Tirri, 2003) but how to handle it depends on considerations and the teacher’s own judgment in relation to the actual situation.

Previous research on teacher education and student teachers´ learning, relevant to this study, concerns the importance of dispositions and earlier experiences in teacher education (Johnson, 2008; Dottin, 2009; Sockett, 2009 & Schussler & Knarr, 2013), lifelong learning (Ranagården, 2009 & Strömberg, 2010) and connecting theory with practice (Gustavsson, 2008 & Eriksson, 2009). Many studies emphasize the importance of dealing with student teachers´ dispositions during teacher education. There seems to be a lack of awareness about how personal values and previous understandings affect education and the shaping of professional roles. Researchers demand a teacher education that systematically tends to student teachers´ self-consciousness and self-reflection about what values they express and that supports their use and development of different tools and strategies.

This study is based on lifeworld theory.  Hence, intentionality and the natural attitude as parts of phenomenology and lifeworld theory are highly relevant.  When student teachers make new experiences during their teacher education, new understanding is built on the student teacher´s lifeworld, the way that the student teacher relates to and interacts with the world. Intentionality is when one directs ones awareness onto objects or events (Husserl, 1995/1907), meaning that when we experience something we experience it as something with a meaning. A person´s lifeworld is the sum of all meanings; it is impossible to escape but can be reflected upon (Husserl, 1995/1907). The natural attitude, to take things for granted in order to cope with daily situations (Husserl, 1970b/1936), explains why ethics in teaching situations often remain unspoken. When something is natural and unquestioned, the experiences are implicit. When a student-teacher meets children, the meeting is between different lifeworlds and the situation depends on what experiences both the children and the student-teacher bring with them. Through reflection and self-awareness, objects and events experienced as natural attitude can become conscious and open to study (Dahlberg, Dahlberg & Nyström, 2008).

This study draws on the ethical responsibility thatbothLévinas (1993) andLøgstrup (1994) describe asinevitableandcrucial for a person in order tounderstand him- or herself. When meetinga child, there is an ethicalobligation and responsibility involved (Todd, 2001). Student teachers deal withthis responsibilityin different ways: by being passive or by acting on different options. Whether thestudent teacher is aware of thechoicesand howchoices are made is based onthe individual'slifeworldand the impacton the lifeworld that the teacher education may have.Alleducational activityisthusa process oflifeworlds constantly being shaped and reshaped.

The methodology, RLR (Reflective Lifeworld Research), that this study is based on, emphasizes how the individual give meanings to phenomena and it is these meanings that the researcher is studying.

Since earlier research has indicated that professional ethics are embedded in practice, this study examines how student teachers experience professional ethics during their school-based training.  Ten student teachers, with different orientations to preschool and Elementary school have been interviewed. In addition to interviews, empirical data consists of observations during student teachers´ meeting with children, dialogues with supervisors, seminars at campus, meetings with mentors and different kinds of written material during this period, for example didactic plans and diaries. The data collection was conducted during the student teachers´ second, third and fourth semester.

All the interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The respondents prepared the interviews in advance to talk about situations where the experience of the phenomenon appeared. An open approach during the interview includes bridling pre-understandings. Further, the bridling in this study is done by discussing the findings with colleagues and supervisor, by doing the analysis over a long period of time, and by analyzing in different stages. These stages entailed that I started looking for different meaning units in the data and marked them by comments in the margins of transcriptions. Out of my comments, I searched for meanings that seemed to belong to each other and structured patterns (clusters). In this process different parts of the data are constantly compared to the whole and the whole to the parts, iteratively, to see if the patterns remained convincing (Dahlberg et al., 2008). The different stages of analyzing makes it possible to go back in process and to check what was said and if it can be interpreted differently.

As a part of the result, the function of the teacher as a role model was emphasized. When educators at campus and in field use this expression of leadership, they never explain what they mean. The meaning is implicit. However, student teachers also use this expression but explain what it means to them to be a role model. When student teachers experience their supervisor as a role model, descriptions of different ways of making good relations to the children are characteristic. Supervisors are asking questions about how children are feeling both in pre/school and at home. They address the children in the same way as they address colleagues. Another characteristic way to be a role model is to be present in the interaction with children. Supervisors manage to cope with the situation as it appears and are willing to disregard their planning when it is needed. They also manage to balance between being strict and to joke with the children, depending on the situation.

Osguthorpe (2008) explains that the pedagogue needs to teach ethically as being a role model which is different from teaching ethics. How to educate student teachers to be role models for children is a complex undertaking that raises several questions (Sanderse, 2013). Student teachers sometimes know that they are role models but do not always realize what it means and how they make certain values visible in their actions (Schussler and Knarr, 2013). Their intentions, perceptions and practice are connected in teacher education and it is a highly relevant topic to all teacher educators both in Europe and in the rest of the world to discuss how teacher education can handle student teachers development to teach ethically, as role models.

References

Dahlberg, K., Dahlberg, H. & Nyström, M. (2008). Reflective life world research. 2. ed. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Dottin, E. S. (2009). Professional judgment and dispositions in teacher education, Teaching and teacher education 25(1), 83-88.

Eriksson, A. (2009). Om teori och praktik i lärarutbildning: en etnografisk och diskursanalytisk

studie. Diss. Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2009.

Tillgänglig på Internet: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/19352

Gustavsson, S. (2008). Motstånd och mening: innebörd i blivande lärares seminariesamtal. Diss. Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2008.

Tillgänglig på Internet: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/17754

Husserl, E. (1970/1936). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: an introduction to phenomenological philosophy. Evanston: Northwestern U.P.

Husserl, E. (1995/1907). Fenomenologins idé. 2. uppl. Göteborg: Daidalos.

Husu, J. & Tirri, K. (2003). A case study approach to study one teacher´s moral reflection, Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(3), 345-357.

Johnson, L. E. (2008). Teacher candidate disposition: moral judgement, or regurgitation? Journal of moral education 37(4), 429-444.

Lévinas, E. (1993). Etik och oändlighet: samtal med Philippe Nemo. 3., utök. uppl. Stockholm: B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion.

Løgstrup, K. E. (1994). Det etiska kravet. Göteborg: Daidalos.

Osguthorpe, R. D. (2008). On the Reasons We Want Teachers of Good Disposition and Moral Character. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(4), 288-299.

Ranagården, L. (2009). Lärares lärande om elever: en sociologisk studie av yrkespraktik. Göteborg: Department of Sociology, Göteborg University.

Sanderse, W. (2013). The meaning of role modeling in moral and character education.  Journal of moral education, 42(1), 28-42.

Schussler, D., & Knarr, L. (2013). Building awareness of dispositions: enhancing moral sensibilities in teaching, Journal of Moral Education 42(1), 71-87.

Detta kapitel handlar om hur fenomenologisk forskning kan ge ny kunskap om vad det innebär att ta ansvar för barn i undervisning genom att ta del av lärarstudenters erfarenheter. Det handlar således om möten mellan livsvärldar i fenomenologisk forskning, forskarens möten med sina intervjupersoner i en intervjustudie och deras berättelser om sina möten med barn och VFU-lärare.

Student teachers’ experiences of professional ethics,as lived practice,need to be visualized and verbalized to support their ability to develop an ethical practice. The aim of this article is to discuss the lived experiences of professional ethics frombeginning teachers’internship, based on a phenomenological study. Some of the essential meanings are interpreted in relation to the tension between responsibility and accountability that is emerging from neoliberal influences in teacher education. Inspired by Reflective Life World Research (RLR),interviews were conducted with student teachers specializing in preschool and elementary school.The empirical data was analyzed in order to determine the meanings that constitute the lived experience of professional ethics for early career teachers. By identifying the implications of professional ethics in neoliberal times, teacher educators can more easily observe and communicate the manifestations this has for teaching. Discussions and observations of professional ethics can stimulate student teachers’ learning as part of teacher education discourse.

In teacher education, it is problematic to intertwine theory and practice. It is also problematic that student teachers lack self-awareness about what values they express in their meetings with pupils. They need to reflect and verbalize their teaching experiences. In this article, results from a study in teacher education are presented from a development work where a combination of a didactic tool that visualizes ethics in teaching and a digital tool, video paper is tried. The purpose is to investigate how this combination can stimulate student teachers´ reflections on their teaching during their internship and through follow-up in the campus course. Findings indicate that the tools in themselves are not enough to bridge theory and practice. However, the tools can be helpful to teacher educators. Reflections presented in video papers are quite different in content, range and depth which are visualized through the questions of the didactic tool and by different typologies for reflection. The reflections show that there are many ways to verbalize ethics which raises questions about what it really means to visualize ethics.

In all research, ethical considerations are crucial to reliability and quality and researchers are guided by various national and international documents and ethical committees. Despite different strategies to guide researchers and to ensure quality, there still seems to be uncertainty in educational science about how research ethics should be positioned and handled in practice. The aim of this study is to phenomenologically explore what meanings the phenomenon research ethics are given in Swedish doctoral dissertations in educational research based on how doctoral researchers position, frame and present research ethics in their ethical elaborations. The empirical data consists of 60 doctoral dissertations in educational science at Swedish universities from the past year. The result indicates very different meanings of ethical considerations despite a quite common point of departure in the Swedish Research Council’s guidelines and knowledge of the Ethics Review Act. Some variations can be related to the differences in the studies’ designs, but regardless of such explanations, the conclusion is that consensus regarding ethical considerations in research is largely lacking.  

Som VFU-ansvarig så befinner jag mig ofta mitt i problematiken om hur teori och praktik kan förstås och hur sambandet kan se ut. Min främsta utmaning handlar om att upprätthålla en god kommunikation med alla berörda. Som VFU-ansvarig blir du en slags samordnare för högskolans lärare, studenterna, kommunens representanter och VFU-lärarna. Alla parter ska tillsammans ge studenterna en utbildning där teori och praktik kan mötas. Innan studenterna ska göra sin VFU så bjuds VFU-lärarna in till VFU-konferenser där syftet är att informera om kursen och om VFU, samt att erbjuda en föreläsning som ligger inom ramen för kursen. Detta är ett sätt att erbjuda VFU-läraren kompetensut-veckling och att stödja i VFU-uppdraget. Många gånger kan det vara dålig uppslutning till dessa konferenser och det är ett exempel på hur möjligheten att samverka mellan teori och praktik försvåras. Hinder som många VFU-lärare upplever är att det är svårt att lämna sin klass, rektorn är kanske inte så villig att sätta in vikarie och högskolan har krav från VFU-lärarnas fackliga organisa-tioner att inte lägga konferenserna utanför den normala arbetstiden. Det finns generellt en vilja att delta i en samverkan mellan profession och akademi men många gånger kan faktorer som man kan tycka är triviala, såsom att informa-tionen om vilken VFU-lärare som är inbjuden till vilken konferens är begriplig, bli reella hinder på vägen.

Teaching involves an ethical dimension that tends to remain unspoken and thus difficult to reflect on and discuss. From the perspective of professionalism, professional ethics and a common knowledge base are important to the quality and status of the teaching profession. This descriptive phenomenological study was motivated by the need to know more about how teachers understand their own professional ethics and how this is expressed through their teaching. The essence of the phenomenon is formulated through the analysis of interviews with nine teachers in Sweden who teach children from the age of 1–16. The results show that the teachers’ main ethical responsibility is to guide the children about right and wrong. The guidance, a safe learning environment, and relationships with and between the children are dependent on each other. The surrounding society affects the guidance of the children, as well as opportunities for collaboration with guardians and colleagues.

A study of professional ethics in teacher education indicated that student teachers in their didactic plans mostly did not attend to ethics (Cronqvist, 2015) and therefore, a new didactic model could be needed. A didactic model called Didethics was created theoretically in order to visualize ethical aspects of teaching. Since ethics is embedded in all teaching, it is crucial to pay attention to ethics in planning, but also in implementation and follow-up, which the model does. The theoretical model Didethics was tried in practice in combination with videopapers, a multimodal text covering selected recorded video sequences with associated reflective texts. During student teachers´ school-based education they were filming some sequence when they were acting and then chose different clips and reflected on them in a paper. As a follow-up on campus, student teachers showed their clips and told about their reflections. As part of the work, student teachers were asked to use the clips to reflect on didactic questions from the model and the function of the model as a tool. The aim of this study is to try how the theoretically created didactic model, Didethics, functions in practice to visualize ethics. Student teachers´ videopapers are analyzed in order to find answers to the following questions:

• How do student teachers use the model?
• How does the model affect the expressions of ethics, implicit and explicit?
• How do student teachers experience the didactic model, Didethics, in the education of children?
• How do student teachers experience the didactic model, Didethics, in their own learning?

Previous research on teacher education and students´ learning, relevant to the need to make ethics in teaching visible, is about the importance of students´ dispositions and earlier experiences in teacher education (Schussler & Knarr, 2013; Johnson, 2008; Sockett, 2009; Dottin, 2009).There seems to be a lack of attention to how dispositions and previous understandings influence education and the shaping of professional role. Researchers demand a teacher education that systematically attends to students´self-consciousness about what values they express and their judgment in context (Schussler, Stooksberry & Bercaw, 2010). Values verbalized by students are not always aligned to how they act in context (Johnson, 2008). They often enact values unaware of how children perceive their actions and therefore, self-awareness need to be supported (Schussler & Knarr, 2013).

Lazarus & Olivero (2009) state that “videopapers are multimedia documents that integrate and synchronise video, images and text in one non-linear, cohesive document” (p 256). The combination of words and acting, seeing and verbalizing can be a useful tool in teacher education in order to visualize and make explicit tacit knowledge (Smith & Krumsvik, 2007). Ethics of teaching is often mentioned as tacit knowledge, both difficult to notice in actions and to verbalize. Therefore, the combination of the didactic model and videopaper is interesting to try.  Previous research in the area of teacher education has shown that videopapers can lead to increased reflection among the involved participants (Almås & Krumsvik, 2008; Smith & Krumsvik, 2007). They can also help bridging theory and practice (Lazarus & Olivero, 2009). In this study, videopaper is used as empirical data to examine how the didactic model, Didethics functions in order to visualize ethics. The ability of videopapers to represent practice is highly interesting.

The combination of videopapers and the didactic model, Didethics, to visualize ethics in teaching, to find different strategies to support reflection and to bridge the gap between theory and practice makes the study most relevant to development of teacher education internationally.

The study was implemented in a course in Swedish with focus on didactics for teachers working in grades 7-9 (pupils from 13 to 16 years old). This course is held in the second semester of teacher education but three of the students were in their sixth semester, studying together with students from the second semester out of economical reasons. Altogether, nineteen student teachers were participating.

In preparation for the assignment, a combined lecture and workshop about the model was given. In the workshop, students made concrete planning of their teaching, using the model. Problems that occurred were that the students had not met their supervisors yet and therefore did not know if they were able to use the planning and no one of the supervisors participated in their own lecture about the model and therefore were not able to support the students in using the model. It is unclear how this affected student teachers´ abilities to use the model.  When students came back from school-based education, they got technical help to make clips from their recordings. Out of these clips, they wrote reflections on their choices of teaching methods, content, judgment and meanings of professional ethics.

The analysis was made phenomenologically with the aim to understand the didactic model´s ability to visualize ethics in teaching as a phenomenon.  At first, videopapers were read carefully several times to get a grasp on the whole. Thereafter, meaning units out of research questions were marked for each paper (Dahlberg, Dahlberg & Nyström, 2008). The analysis was thereby moving from the whole to the part and then back to the whole again. Out of this movement in the analysis and the meaning units, a division was made, based on whether the model was mentioned, reflected on, if ethics or professional ethics were mentioned, if meanings of professional ethics could be identified more or less distinctly as they are formulated in the model and if meanings of professional ethics were mentioned even if connections to the model were missing. Papers without any connections to the model, ethics or meanings of professional ethics at all, were separated. Words in the markings of meaning units are “model”, “method” and “reflection” and these meaning units form patterns (clusters) in the material (Dahlberg et al., 2008).

The aim of the study is to examine and to increase the understanding of how student teachers implicitly (in action) and explicitly (through oral and written statements) express and learn professional ethics and what these expressions reveal about professional ethics. Previous research has indicated that professional ethics as phenomenon is difficult to separate and to view in the meeting between pedagogue and child. Professional ethics is often unspoken and based on personal feelings and not on formulated knowledge. In this study professional ethics is examined as the student teacher´s lived practice in the meeting with the child. The study is based on life-world theory and Reflective Life-world Research (RLR). This means for example that the phenomenon of professional ethics is examined as it present itself to student teachers and that the researcher must make efforts to be open to the phenomenon, reflect on it and to bridle preunderstandings. Ten student teachers with different orientations to preschool and elementary school have been followed, eight of them from second to fourth semester in periods when university courses and school-based education meet. Empirical data is collected from interviews, observations and different written statements. Findings are presented in three parts: Part 1 presents the issues for each individual student teacher. In part 2 the essence of professional ethics is formulated as seven elements of meaning: 1) that ambiguity requires an approach to responsibility, 2) that external factors can be obstacles, 3) that relationships and learning are interwoven, 4) that experiences should be for a child´s best interest, 5) that inclusion should be available to every child, 6) that authority should be exercised through an atmosphere of joy, respect and safety, and 7) that development occurs when theory and practice meet in reflection. Part 3 is a theoretical presentation. Reflection, self-reflection, judgment and student teachers as role models emerge as the primary tools of professional ethics. These tools are dependent on each other and intertwine cognition and emotion, experiences, theories and practice. In addition to the essence of professional ethics, my conclusion is that learning about professional ethics is based on the student teacher´s life world and takes place in a lifelong learning process. Consequently, teacher education needs to support meta-learning (learning how to learn) and build education on the student teacher´s individual life world as a resource. The student teachers as role models are developed through virtuous actions continuously being performed and through teacher educators acting as role models. Judgment and phronesis are also developed in practice through student teachers´ experiences of balancing between various factors in the complex situation. Since learning is developed in practice and from experiences, school-based education becomes valuable in order to stimulate learning. Another conclusion is that experiences must be discussed and analyzed thoroughly and systematically in education. In this process reflection is crucial. Based on the findings, a didactic model, Didethics, has been created in order to implement ethics in the same way as content (subject) and methods are included in didactics. Through asking questions, the model implements ethics, links it with content and methods and follows ethics through the planning, implementation and evaluation of the learning process.

Teaching is an ethical activity and in order to ensure a high quality in teaching, ethics need to be visualizedand verbalized. In a phenomenological empirical study with student teachers as participants, data wereanalyzed in order to express the essential meanings of professional ethics. The essence can be described asthe meanings that in spite of different contexts are relatively persistent. In phenomenology, the possibilityof expressing the essence of a phenomenon is interpreted in different ways. Inthis article, the author arguesthat the essence is needed to verbalize ethics in teaching tentatively as a kind of ethical code or guidelinefor becoming teachers. Some of the essentialfindingsstemmingfrom the empirical study mentioned abovearecomparedwith the ethical principles formulated inLäraresYrkesetiskaPrinciper(2001) by the two Swedishunions,LärarförbundetandLärarnas Riksförbund,to argue for the importance of formulating the essence.

This study is a newly started project about student autonomy with focus on the learning environment that promotes and develops students’ autonomy in degree projects. Research shows that academic writing in higher education needs to be developed in terms of student autonomy (Fung & Mei, 2015; Mickwitz & Suojala, 2020; van Blankenstein, Saab, van der Rijst, Danel, Bakker-van den Berg et al., 2019 ). Other aspects of learning such as critical thinking and motivation are closely related to students' autonomy, the studies show. Both autonomy and critical thinking are presented as desirable ideals generally in higher education, but based on research, and experiences as teacher educators, it turns out to be problematic to develop students' autonomy, not least in academic writing and in degree projects. Issues related to supervision strategies are rarely discussed and there is a presumption about how supervision is done (Eriksson & Gustavsson, 2016). As a common international issue, many students request templates and very clear guidance on how they “should” write to be approved.

Thus, the purpose of this study is to create a learning environment in supervision that develops students' autonomy in degree projects. Through the creation of the learning environment in supervision, students' autonomy is expected to develop.

The research questions are:

1.How do the teaching colleagues describe…

a) autonomy?

b) that autonomy is promoted?

c) their observation of autonomy?

2. How do the workshop and Self Determination theory contribute to the collegial consensus?3. How do the autonomy matrix contribute to the collegial consensus?