Today we are primarily using computers for communication. We communicate via computers as professionals and at our spare time. One growing context of computer use is when we as citizens communicating with authorities. This paper suggests communication criteria for evaluation of public e- services. The suggested criteria are derived from a communication perspective and applied in a case study for evaluation of an e-service. Communication between authorities and citizens are often communication intensive and consequently conditions and consequences of communication should be evaluated. The aim of the suggested communication criteria is to be a complement to established traditional usability criteria.

Abstract: This study is about course evaluation in Swedish higher education. Performing course evaluation is regulated in Swedish law. Despite this, only half of the courses are evaluated. The aim of this study is to understand why satisfactory course evaluations not are performed. Problems are identified from a student perspective and the paper provides proposals for reducing the problems. In order to tackle the problems an evaluation process model consisting of five phases is proposed. A main message is that there is need for an increased government from the university’s management levels to revise the incentives for performing a satisfactory course evaluation.

The proposal describes an ongoing research project called Data-Driven Innovation which comprises 14 researchers and 13 business partners. The project is characterized by partnership, collaboration, and interaction between the involved researchers and the business partners. The purpose of the project is to identify tools that can support the business partners in their efforts to exploit data in order to enhance service delivery and to create competitive advantage. The project is applying a socio-technical perspective in order to avoid a too one-sided technical focus. The proposal ends with presenting a number of challenges due to the increased complexity concerning the management of multiple business partners and researchers. The challenges are: maintaining the balance between competing interests, managing the problem of generalization, mutual learning, and ensure partnership throughout the project.

This paper challenges traditional grounded theory. Both theoretical and empirical grounding is proposed as claims of validity for theory generation. This paper builds on a framework about multi-grounded theory (MGT) presented in Goldkuhl & Cronholm (2003). In that paper the framework is presented on a conceptual and procedural level. The aim of this paper is to support the use of multi-grounded theory. This paper also takes a critical stand towards MGT.

All around the world there is a huge amount of money invested in IT. It is therefore important to evaluate the return on the investment. Evaluation is complicated and consequently there are a lot of proposals for how to evaluate IT-systems. Several of these proposals reside on the theoretical level. The aim of this paper is to be more concrete and discuss evaluation in terms of “how to do”. This paper builds on a evaluation framework presented by Cronholm & Goldkuhl (2003). In that paper, six generic types for evaluation are presented on an ideal typical level. In this paper, evaluation processes are suggested for how the generic types can be carried out in order to support the use of that framework.

Aim/Purpose: The concept of lifelong learning has attracted a lot of interest for several years. One reason is the rapid development of digital technology. The purpose of this paper is to create knowledge supporting the development of education for lifelong learning. 

Background: On meeting the growing demand for lifelong learning, universities face several challenges. One challenge is that the curriculum seldom is designed for lifelong learning. At the same time, several universities want to be attractive education partners for adult students with work experiences. There is a lack of normative and prescriptive support that can guide the development of education concerning lifelong learning.

Methodology: Design science research, interviews, grounded theory and root-cause analysis.

Contribution: Contribution to practice: A master program in Information Systems that supports lifelong learning. Contribution to theory: Advancements on design knowledge that can guide the development of education programs concerning rapid advancements in digital technology.

Findings: Five design principles: consider rapid development of digital technology, balance time-consuming bureaucratic procedures with companies’ demands for speedy access to new modern courses, simplify procedures for students applying with work experience qualifications, implement plans for competence development of teachers, and base courses on rigour and relevance. The main conclusion is that the rapid technological development causes universities to face a strategic imperative to broaden access to lifelong learning. We can also conclude that close academic-practitioner collaboration will support the design of lifelong learning.

Impact on Society: Lifelong learning improves social inclusion, active citizenship, personal development, competitiveness, and employability.

Future Research: Further validation of the design principles in order to create knowledge that can support the development of education for lifelong learning.

Aim/Purpose

Due to the rapid development of digital technology, create knowledge to support the development of education for lifelong learning.

Background

There is a lack of normative and prescriptive support that can guide the development of education concerning lifelong learning.

Methodology

Design science research, interviews, grounded theory and root-cause analysis.

Contribution

Contribution to practice: A master program in Information Systems that supports lifelong learning. Contribution to theory: Advancements on design knowledge that can guide the development of education programs concerning rapid advancements in digital technology.

Findings

Five design principles: consider rapid development of digital technology, balance time-consuming bureaucratic procedures with companies’ demands for speedy access to modern courses, simplify procedures for students applying with work experience qualifications, implement plans for competence development of teachers, and base courses on rigour and relevance.

Recommendations for Practitioners

Companies could enter the whole education program or select interesting courses or course modules.

Recommendation for Researchers

The design principles should be considered when research on guidance concerning lifelong learning for adult learners is conducted.

Impact on Society

Lifelong learning enhances social inclusion, active citizenship and personal development, as well as competitiveness and employability.

Future Research

Further validation of the design principles in order to create knowledge that can support the development of education for lifelong learning.

This thesis describes usability goals for method tools. Method tools are a type of CASE-tool aiming to support computer- and method-based information systems development. The aim of the thesis is to develop knowledge in order to suggest recommendations for achieving more usable method tools. The thesis takes an action perspective. An important starting-point in identifying usability goals are the existing modelling acts in the system development process specifying requirements for how method tools shall be developed.The thesis is performed as a prototyping approach embracing three steps. Output from a previous step is used as input to the following step. Further the thesis is based on studies of real cases where actors have interacted with method tools. In order to gain data I have used questionnaires, interviews and observations. The thesis embraces 12 usability goals for method tools. These goals are empirically generated and theoretically grounded. The identified usability goals are primary oriented towards the use situation system developer, method tool and task. Several usability goals can be characterised as more general and therefore are valid in areas beyond this use situation.The main contributions of this thesis are recommendations for developing method tools, a goal-means hierarchy presenting a composite description of usability attributes for method tools, characterising knowledge in a taxonomic form and a model which describes how modelling acts are related to usability goals.

The problem we are approaching is that the actions offered by computerized information systems (IS) often seem to disharmonize with the actions performed in work practice. In this paper, we have analysed a representative usability-oriented checklist supporting design and evaluation of computer-based systems. The analysis has been made from an action perspective. One result is that the checklist is more oriented towards cognitive aspects. Action oriented improvements are suggested.

Abstract: This paper outlines nine key principles to consider when designing a study program. Design principles are essential when revising education programs in the field of information systems due to the rapid changes in business technique. These principles are generated from an em-pirical study concerning the development of a modified study program. The principles identi-fied are: Vision; Traceability; Progression and Integration; Manning the development project and anchoring decisions; Pedagogy; Mandatory vs. free choice of courses; Implementation; Evaluation and Marketing. These are compared to a list of criteria generated by the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education and the outcome of this comparison is that several of the principles can also be used for the evaluation of study programs. The research has been carried out as action research. This means that there has been an intervention in the process of the designing the study program. The target groups of this paper are study boards, faculty members, teachers and students that are active in different student associations.

This paper is challenging the usability of traditional usability guidelines. The claim is that guideline descriptions and explanations are not satisfactory. Analysis results demonstrate vagueness and are ambiguous in explanation. The aim of the paper is to propose a set of principles (meta-guidelines) to be used for improving the usability of guidelines.

Vindtjänsten är en e-tjänst för analys av vindkraftsförhållande om ansökan om tillstånd för konstruktion av vindkraftverk. Vindtjänsten har utvecklats med finansiellt stöd av VINNOVA och med Boverket som ursprunglig huvudman. Huvudmannaskapet för fortsatt utveckling och drift innehas av Energimyndigheten. Vindtjänsten utvecklades inom ramen för projektet Planeringsportalen som startade 2006 och avslutades under sommaren 2009. Syftet med att utveckla Vindtjänsten är att skapa en e-tjänst för en samlad planeringsinformation. Vindtjänsten skall stödja både vindkraftsentreprenörer och myndigheter i vindkraftsutbyggnadsprocessen och bidra till en snabbare och effektivare hantering. Två utvärderingsansatser har använts för att granska Vindtjänsten: målbaserad och kriteriebaserad utvärdering. Den målbaserade utvärderingen har resulterat i att flera överordnade mål har infriats. Den huvudsakliga karaktären på det stöd som erbjuds är texter för läsning. Information finns både internt i Vindtjänsten men är också externt åtkomlig vi länkar. Det interaktiva stöd som erbjuds motsvaras av den del som kallas för Kartvisaren. Den kriteriebaserade utvärderingen har fokuserat mer användbarhetsfrågor som t ex enkelhet, begripligt språk, handlingstransparens, feedback och informationsstrukturering. Utvärderingen har resulterat i att uppfattningen att Vindtjänsten (inklusive Kartvisaren) är enkel att använda även om en förbättringspotential finns. Studier av de arbetsdokument som framtagits under utvecklingsarbetet visar att projektet haft höga ambitioner inledningsvis som successivt reviderats. Vindtjänsten ger ett gott stöd för att få en samlad planeringsinformation men samtidigt finns en förbättringspotential. Den utvecklingsinriktning som rekommenderas för att ytterligare förbättra Vindtjänstens 1 2010-06-02 användbarhet är: interaktivt stöd för ansökan om tillstånd av vindkraftsetableringar, införande av interaktiva blanketter samt förbättrad pedagogisk uppbyggnad av informationsstrukturer genom en förbättrad kategorisering av information och menyindelning.

Data-driven innovation (DDI) has attracted a lot of attention during recent years. Data is regarded as a key resource; the process of turning data into value is an activity, and products or services as value propositions are key objectives. However, few organizations are successful in their efforts to establish process models that support DDI. Several scholars report a lack of knowledge regarding how to manage data-driven processes. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to fulfill this research gap by identifying and generating knowledge about DDI from a process perspective. A thorough literature review has been used to identify issues related to the DDI. The knowledge is articulated and implemented in a process model supporting organizations to exploit data in order to develop value propositions. The suggested process model consists of three integrated components: data strategy, value cycle, and data management. We can conclude that the process model extends previous models by presenting a detailed process model, applying a socio-technical perspective, offering both normative and prescriptive guidance supporting a systematic approach to data-driven innovation, and using data analytics as a generic tool for several actions in the DDI process. 

This paper is about the knowledge transferring between IT-consultants. IT-consultants are involved in many complex and challenging situations. They need to manage organisational, semantic and technical issues. Managing this complexity requires a high and a variety of competences. Examples of competences needed are business development, project management, information system development methods and techniques. An IT-consultant often makes continuous movements between different assignments and clients. The competence developed is often individually based. Individually based knowledge is not sufficient since the IT-consultants have to carry organisational working procedures. Furthermore, the competence needed is not static; it is something that should evolve dynamically. In this paper we are proposing a collective competence development approach. The collective competence development approach consists of a process model and a conceptual model. The aim of both these models is to make individual based knowledge as subject to collective reflection.

This paper is about the knowledge transferring between IT-consultants. IT-consultants are involved in many complex and challenging situations. They need to manage organisational, semantic and technical issues. Managing this complexity requires a high and a variety of competences. Examples of competences needed are business development, project management, information system development methods and techniques. An IT-consultant often makes continuous movements between different assignments and clients. The competence developed is often individually based. Individually based knowledge is not sufficient since the IT-consultants have to carry organisational working procedures. Furthermore, the competence needed is not static; it is something that should evolve dynamically. In this paper we are proposing a collective competence development approach. The collective competence development approach consists of a process model and a conceptual model. The aim of both these models is to make individual based knowledge as subject to collective reflection.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the decision of how to perform evaluation depending on the evaluation context. Three general strategies of how to perform evaluation are identified: Goal-free evaluation, goal-based and criteria-based evaluation. Two general strategies of what to evaluate are identified: IT-system as such and IT-system in use. From the three “how-strategies” and the two “what-strategies” we derive a matrix consisting of six generic types of evaluation. Each one of the six types are categorised on a ideal typical level. For each type there is suggested evaluation process model.

One essential characteristic of the Action Design Research (ADR) method is researcher-practitioner collaboration (RPC). The purpose of this paper is to present theoretical models for RPC collaboration in ADR projects. The models involve conditions, actions, and consequences concerning RPC challenges. A grounded theory approach was applied to identify the RPC challenges. The challenges were identified in a collaborative ADR project consisting of four researchers and nine organizations from the industry sector. The identified main challenges are: researcher intervention in practitioner contexts, reciprocal shaping between artifacts and design principles emerged from theory and practice, and researcher and practitioner learning. The contribution to practice, which consists of future ADR projects involving collaboration between researchers and practitioners, involves specific actions to be taken.

Purpose Action design research (ADR) has become widely accepted as a prominent research method within information systems when managing design-oriented research projects. One purpose of the ADR method is to provide methodological guidance for the building of IT artefacts. However, several scholars have reported a lack of guidance of method support at the micro level. This article aims to complement the macro level of the ADR method by integrating prescriptive method support at the micro level. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach including direct content analysis. An empirical ADR project was analysed in order to identify method support that could be integrated into the ADR method. Findings Method support at the micro level was identified for all the stages of the ADR method. The method support consists of procedural support, guiding concepts, and various techniques for the documentation of project tasks stated in the ADR method. Research limitations/implications The contribution to theory consists of aspects concerning the integration of macro and micro levels: relationships between normative and prescriptive support, continuous focus shifts, and method completeness. Practical implications The contribution to practice consists of explicit suggestions for method support that could be integrated into the ADR method. Originality/value This study extends previously provided knowledge by offering empirical evidence concerning theoretical constructions consisting of explicit relationships between ADR tasks and integrated method support, and elaboration on the integration of macro and micro levels.

Advancements within artificial intelligence (AI) enable organisations to reformulate strategies forexploiting data in order to refine their business models, make better decisions and maintain acompetitive advantage. We recognise the technical advantages of AI. However, our view is that thetechnical perspective as a base for decision-making is necessary but insufficient. Several studies inhuman science report that essential human knowledge and competencies that affect decision making arenot represented in AI systems. Based on this observation, we have developed design principles fordeveloping decision-support systems (DSS) that combine human intelligence (HI) with AI. The designprinciples are: design for amplified decision-making, design for unbiased decision-making and designfor human and AI learning. The design principles constitute the scientific contribution to the emergentfield of Human-Centred AI. The contribution to practice consists of a DSS (a digital prototype) thatsupports the combination of HI and AI.

Design science research (DSR) has become an accepted as well as legitimated research paradigm within the IS discipline. DSR has had a significant impact on IS research and it has the potential to become even more successful.One reason for not being fully adopted is due to gaps in the understanding of DSR constructs. Our literature review has revealed that constructs often are:abstract, synonymous, overlapping, offering slightly different definitions, and difficult to grasp. One implication of these problems is that it might be hard to communicate research results not only to other researchers within the DSR community but also to other disciplines. Consequently, the purpose of this study has been to suggest a conceptual model that includes key DSR constructs and their relationships that can contribute to the understanding and communication of the DSR phenomenon.

Purpose –Over the past several decades, we have witnessed a transformation from an industrial product-oriented economy to a service economy in the IT-sector. The goal of the organizations is to increase their digital organizational capability by implementing digital service transformations. However, adopting a service perspective in the management of digital services continues to be a challenging process for many organizations (Brown et al. 2016). The adoption of a service perspective is not about a minor change of attitude; it is a paradigm shift for the whole IT-sector. One contemporary service perspective is service-dominant logic (SDL). In our literature analysis, we identified that the development of SDL is primarily based on theoretical insights gained from previous prior work by several scholars. We can conclude that theoretical grounding of SDL is firm, but that SDL lacks empirical evidence concerning experiences from applying SDL in the IT-projects. Consequently, the purpose of our study is to present empirical evidence from the use of SDL in an IT-project. The IT-project included the design of a digital tool for service assessment and service innovation.

Design/Methodology/approach – Our study has unfolded by means of a four-stage process: 1) Literature review of prior applications and evaluations of SDL, 2) Implementation of an IT-project concerning the development of a digital tool supporting service assessment and service innovation, guided by service-dominant logic, 3) Evaluation of SDL based on empirical experiences gained from the IT-project, 4) Formulation of complementing prescriptive guidance that overcomes the identified challenges in the IT-project. 

Findings – The findings consist of three challenges:

Challenge 1: The understanding of central conceptualizations in SDL.Challenge 2: The generic nature of SDL.Challenge 3: The lack of prescriptive guidance on how to use SDL in IT-projects.

Research limitations/implications (if applicable) – Contribution to the knowledge of how to adopt SDL in IT-projects. 

Practical implications (if applicable) – Prescriptive guidance that can support organizations in their efforts to transforming their business to become digital service oriented and increase their digital organizational capability.

Originality/value – The main discourse about SDL has been largely theoretical. Little attention has been given to how empirical evidence gained from IT-projects can be used to inform the further theoretical development and the practical use of SDL.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically ground design science research methodology. We claim that popular design science research methodologies lack empirical grounding based on primary data. That is, the empirical grounding is based on reconstructions of studies conducted for other purposes. To use an existing data set to answer new or extended research questions means to conduct a secondary analysis. We point at several risks related to secondary analyses and we claim that popular design science research methodologies should be based on primary data. Thus, we have systematically collected methodology users’ empirical experiences and reflections from DSR projects and structured them according to the Three Cycle View [23].  The overall findings show that the experiences are mainly positive. However, there are negative experiences such as the guidelines’ granularity, lack of rigorousness concerning evaluation of new knowledge, and support for collaboration.

Design science research (DSR) is a legitimate research paradigm in the discipline of information systems (IS). One prominent DSR method is Action Design Research (ADR). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the ADR method based on empirical experiences from a research project. We have found that the ADR method is highly relevant to an applied discipline such as IS. It creates a bridge between the organisational perspective and the technical perspective of the IT artefact. Moreover, the ADR method supports the dual mission of developing theory and producing knowledge that supports IS practitioners. The findings also include empirical evidence pointing towards a lack of prescriptive guidance with respect to the challenges such as: how to identify appropriate evaluation strategies, how to identify the abstraction mechanisms required to move from the specific-and-unique to the generic-and-abstract, and how to formulate design principles. Although we found adequate support at the macro level, the ADR method needs more detailed support for operationalisation in practice. To address this issue, we propose a number of guidelines that either seek to improve the ADR method or support those who apply ADR.

The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence that the design science framework Information System Research (ISR) works in practice. More than ten years has passed since ISR was published in the well-cited article ‘Design Science in Information Systems Research’. However, there is no thoroughly documented evaluation of ISR based on primary data. That is, existing evaluations are based on reconstructions of prior studies conducted for other purposes. To use an existing data set to answer new or extended research questions means to conduct a secondary analysis. We point to several risks related to secondary analyses and claim that popular design science research frameworks should be based on primary data. In this paper, we present an evaluation consisting of empirical experiences based on primary data. We have systematically collected experiences from a three-year research project and we present ting of both strengths and weaknesses are presented. The main strengths are: the bridging of the contextual environment with the design science activities and the rigorousness of testing IT artefacts. The main weaknesses are: imbalance in support for making contributions to both theory and practice, and ambiguity concerning the practitioners’ role in design and evaluation of artefacts. We claim that the identified weaknesses can be used for further development of frameworks or methods concerning design science research. 

Design principles represent design knowledge and constitute a prescriptive component that is included in design theory. In design science research, the formulation of generalised and intelligible design principles that can be reused in new contexts is regarded as an important outcome. Our study has revealed that existing design principles vary in terms of structure, content, and level of abstraction. This variation and inconsistency may obstruct the reusability of the design principles. The purpose of this study is to suggest support for the formulation of design principles. In order to enhance the support for the formulation of design principles, we have suggested three guidelines, which are based on analyses of theoretical statements, existing guidelines, and existing design principles. The guidelines are illustrated by using material from a design science research project.

Information technology implementation continues to be a challenging process for many organisations and one of the challenges is the transition to service orientation. To apply a service perspective is not a minor change of attitude; it is a paradigm shift for the whole IT sector. Providers of IT services can no longer afford to focus on solving technical problems, they now have to consider the quality of the services and focus on the relationship with customers. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the popular ITIL frameworks comply with a service perspective. We have used service-dominant logic as an analysis model to find out how ITIL corresponds to a service perspective. The findings show that while ITIL highly corresponds to the service perspective in some aspects it fails in others, such as recognising the customers as value co-creators and that products are a distribution mechanism for services.

Design Science Research (DSR) has been practiced for decades and is an accepted and wide spread research approach in the discipline of Information Systems (IS). DSR is The huge popularity of DSR has lead to that DSR has become the research paradigm within the IS discipline. One purpose of DSR is to guide design and evaluation of artifacts. However, popular DSR methodologies lack empirical evidence based on primary data. This lack is also recognized by several authors of DSR methodologies. Using secondary data for answering new questions implies an analytic expansion which means that methodological issues have to be considered. The purpose of this work-in-progress paper is to justify the need of empirically grounded DSR methodologies by using primary data.

Design science research (DSR) aims to generate knowledge about innovative solutions to real-world problems. DSR studies usually involve inductive, deductive or abductive inference strategies to generate design knowledge. However, applying these strategies has often remained implicit, which means that the transparency of the research processes could be questioned (e.g. openness, honesty). This study focuses on abductive DSR, which is often regarded as a combination of inductive and deductive strategies. Based on our literature review, we can conclude that there is a lack of prescriptive support for how to conduct abductive DSR. We have also identified that the concept of abduction is omitted in well- known DSR frameworks/methods. To address this research gap, our study applies a qualitative content analysis to analyse two abductive DSR PhD theses. The analysis outcome is a conceptual model describing central relationships and an abductive DSR process model illustrating movements between the theoretical and empirical domains. 

This paper addresses collaborative research as an action research approach. Many times action research is described as embracing one research organisation and one business organisation. We are challenging this view by introducing the concept of collaborative practice. A collaborative practice can be seen as a cluster of local practices and researchers working together. In this way, a collaborative practice should enable joint learning between, and joint development efforts for, several business practices as well as contributing to general practice and the scientific body of knowledge. Based on a case study within efficient IT Service Management (ITSM), the concept of collaborative practice and its relation to other adjacent concepts (such as local practice, general practice and scientific body of knowledge) have been characterized. Our results should be viewed as preliminary since they are gathered from an ongoing project.

There has been a growing interest in information systems (IS) research as design research. One popular methodology is Action Design Research (ADR). Despite the popularity, ADR lacks proper evaluation based on primary data. We claim that the existing empirical evidence justifying ADR is either fragmented or based on reconstructions of prior studies conducted for other purposes. Our claim is supported by the authors of ADR who state that “ … because the VIP project was not conducted explicitly as ADR, it cannot be viewed as an exemplar of its application”. The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence. Examples of empirical evidence show that ADR is highly relevant for an applied discipline such as IS, it creates a bridge between user-oriented perspectives of the IT artefact and technological perspectives and it supports a conceptual movement from a specific instance to a search for a class of problems.

Information systems as an artefact-oriented discipline require a strong interaction between researchers, developers and users regarding design of, development of, and the study of the use of digital artefacts in social settings. During recent years, performing research in a design science research spirit has gained increasing interest. In larger scale design research endeavours, access to systems development capabilities becomes necessary. Such a unit, InnovationLab, was established in 2006 in a university setting in Sweden. In this paper we are investigating the 5 years’ experience of running this InnovationLab. Our findings point to an innovation lab being valuable for research in general and especially for design science research. However, in order to balance the business of an innovation lab, it will be necessary to provide services for other stakeholders (such as administrative units, teachers, and students) as a means for developing systems development capability aimed at supporting researchers.

Information systems as an artefact-oriented discipline require a strong interaction between researches, developers and users regarding, design of, development of, and the study of the use of digital artefacts in social settings. During latter years performing research in a design science research spirit has gained increasing interest. In larger scale design research endeavours access to systems development capabilities becomes necessary. Such a unit, an InnovationLab, was established in 2006 in a university setting in Sweden. In this paper we are investigating the five years of experience from running this InnovationLab. Our findings point to an innovation lab being valuable for research in general and especially for design science research. However, in order to balance the business of an innovation lab it will be necessary to provide services for other stakeholders (such as administrative units, teachers, and students) as means for developing systems development capability aimed for supporting researchers.

Digital transformation is highly relevant to most organisations in the business and the government sectors. One important aspect of digital transformation is the capability to exploit data in order to develop new services. For a number of businesses, this capability has become an imperative to their survival in an ever more competitive market. Today, data exploitation is of vital importance for innovation and economic growth. However, there is a lack of consolidated knowledge about the challenges of managing processes for data-driven innovation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to elaborate on challenges concerning data-driven innovation. We have used the Grounded Theory approach to identify such challenges which are: lack of a systematic process, problems with data access, distrust of data, lack of appropriate digital tools and insufficient competence. Our conclusions reveal that data is rarely used as a strategic resource in data-driven innovation and that there is a lack of data management.

Action Design Research (ADR) is a well-known research method within Design Science Research (DSR). An essential characteristic of the ADR method is the need for researcher-practitioner collaboration (RPC). While there is abundant research on RPC regarding information systems projects in general concerning explanatory and normative knowledge, there is very limited prescriptive knowledge on how to execute RPC in ADR projects. Successful collaboration in ADR projects is imperative since the development of socio-technical IT artefacts requires frequent interaction in organisational contexts. However, RPC can be hard to manage due to competing interests. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present prescriptive knowledge for how to manage RPC. We have analysed a collaborative ADR project consisting of several researchers and practitioners. Based on a grounded theory approach, we have developed theoretical models based on challenges identified in an ADR project. The models provide prescriptive knowledge regarding: shape the IT artefact based on organisational intervention, exploit the mutual dependency between developing design principles and IT artefacts, and contextualise and generalise learning. Each model involves logical relationships between: conditions for the challenges, actions taken to address the challenges and consequences of the actions taken. The guidelines were deducted from the models and consist of recommendations that could be considered in future ADR projects.

In several design science research (DSR) frameworks and methods, the need for generalising problemsand solutions has been emphasised. For example, various DSR studies present generalised designprinciples as nascent theories. Due to the creative and contextual nature of DSR, several scholars reportthat generalisation can be challenging. The challenge is particularly valid for single qualitative studiesbecause the design of an artefact always reflects the circumstances in the context where it is to be used.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present guidelines regarding generalisation. The suggestedguidelines are: strategically plan the generalisation process, validate the generalised knowledge toaugment the reusability and find an appropriate generalisation level. The formulation of the guidelinesis based on the analyses of three DSR projects and insights from previous knowledge. Our knowledgecontribution consists of prescriptive knowledge (guidelines) as a complement to existing explanativeand descriptive knowledge.

The increased recognition of the benefits of Service-Dominant (S-D Logic) has encouraged IT organizations to adopt an S-D Logic perspective. In order to streamline the service transformation process, a majority of them are using the best practice ITIL. However, the development of several ITIL books lacks a solid theoretical grounding based on  S-D Logic. This is problematic because it hinders IT-organizations to efficiently adopt a service perspective. The purpose of this paper is to present knowledge concerning how ITIL complies with the service perspective of S-D logic. The findings consist of knowledge about areas in ITIL which comply with S-D logic and areas where there is room for improvement. To increase compliance with a service-oriented perspective, ITIL needs to adopt contemporary definitions of service and value, including a stronger emphasis on value co-creation and abandoning a language that corresponds to traditional goods-dominant logic. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of shortcomings of ITIL regarding service-orientation. Based on the findings, this paper suggests some actions that can be applied as a remedy in cases where ITIL has low compliance with S-D logic. Moreover, the knowledge presented is essential for organizations that are using ITIL to transform their service processes to digital formats.