The present study examines several personal attributes that distinguish the personal profiles of individuals, from Indonesian and Swedish cultures, according to self-reports of positive and negative effect, stress and energy, self-esteem, hospital anxiety and depression, dispositional optimism and health. Indonesian participants expressed both more PA and more NA than Swedish participants but less stress and a higher energy-stress quotient than the Swedish participants. Additionally, the former expressed a higher level of optimism and self-esteem, but also more depression, and less impulsiveness than the latter. Younger participants expressed less positive affect and more negative affect and impulsiveness than older participants who expressed both more stress and a higher energy stress quotient. Regression analyses indicated that PA was predicted by optimism and health whereas NA was predicted by anxiety and depression and impulsiveness and counter predicted by health. The present findings are discussed according to the notion of emotional regulation according to which individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships.

The purpose of the present study was to describe experience of envy in two different cultures, Indonesia and Sweden. Envy is a feeling that most people have experienced and mostly regards as shameful. The concept relates to a variety of feeling that shows its complexity. The result shows that envy had a wider meaning in the Indonesian language than in Swedish, and consisted of emotional words that were rare among the Swedish respondents. The Swedish respondents’ descriptions were, with few exceptions, connected to a malicious (ill will) meaning while it was obvious that the Javanese respondents used also the concept of benign envy (without ill will). Jealousy and envy seemed to overlap each other more in Bahasa Indonesia than in the Swedish use of the words. The latter had a distinct word for schadenfreude that was lacking in Bahasa Indonesia. For the Swedish respondents, wanting to have what another person possesses was a central element of envy, for example prosperity or competence. The Javanese respondents stressed relationships, achievements and personal characteristics’ as main causes for envy. Both the Swedish and Javanese respondents reported that a person who they knew and with whom they had an established relationship, such as a friend or a fellow student, had envied them and the causes for this were about the same as their own.

This study investigated the degree of realism in the confidence judgments of 11 to 12-year-olds (41 girls and 40 boys) of their answers to questions relating to a short film clip showing a kidnapping event. Four different confidence scales were used: a numeric scale, a picture scale, a line scale and a written scale. The results demonstrated that the children showed a high level of overconfidence in their memories. However, no significant differences between the four confidence scales were found. Weak gender differences were found in that the girls were slightly, but significantly, better calibrated than the boys. In addition, although both boys and girls overestimated the total number of memory questions they had answered correctly, the boys gave higher estimates compared with the girls. In brief, the results indicate that, at least in the context investigated, 11–12 year-old children’s confidence in and estimations of their own event memory show poor realism (overconfidence and overestimation). A comparison with previous research on adults indicates that 11 to 12-year-old children show noticeably poorer realism.

Today there is ample evidence that the Cognitive Interview (CI) enhances witnesses’ memory. However, less is known about how the CI affects eyewitnesses’ confidence. To address this shortcoming we conducted a study analyzing how realism in confidence was affected by the CI. All participants (n /79) were first shown a filmed kidnapping. After 2 weeks we interviewed one-third of the participants according to the guidelines of the CI, one-third according to a Standard Interview (SI), and one-third were not interviewed at all (Control condition). Participants in all three conditions were then asked to answer 45 forced-choice questions, and to give a confidence judgment after each choice. For the 45 questions, no differences in accuracy were found between the three conditions. Confidence was higher in the CI and SI conditions, compared with the Control condition. CI and SI did not differ in metacognitive realism but both showed lower realism compared with the Control condition, although only CI significantly so. The results indicate that the inflation in confidence is more likely to be explained in terms of a reiteration effect , than as a consequence of the particular mnemonics characterizing the CI (e.g. ‘‘mental reinstatement of context’’). In sum, CI does not seem to impair (or improve) the realism in witnesses’ confidence, and does not inflate confidence in erroneous recall, compared to a SI

This study investigates the influence on the realism of confidence judgments of four different factors, the individual, the knowledge domain (crystallized and fluid intelligence), gender and cognitive style (Need-for-Cognition, NfC). Seventy-nine high-school students answered questions on word knowledge (WORD) and logical/spatial ability (DTK); both tests were administered on three occasions with two weeks between each trial. After each test question, each individual gave a confidence rating of his or her answer. The results showed some, but not perfect, individual stability. Furthermore, within-subject differences were found between domains (WORD/DTK); the participants showed better calibration and less overconfidence for the WORD-test as compared to the DTK-test. No stable gender differences were found for any of the two tests. Finally, the results show that having high NfC is not associated with better realism in confidence judgments. These results suggest that the realism of confidence judgments is, at least on the distal level, influenced by many different factors.

Background and Objectives: The notion that both positive and negative affect contribute not only to affective personality profiles but also to self-report estimations of both psychological and physical well-being or discomfort. Method: Two studies are described, based upon applications of psychometric and clinical instruments, including the Positive Affective and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Stress and Energy (SE), Dispositional optimism (LOT), Locus of Control, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Perfectionism, Hospital Anxirty and Depression (HAD) and the Uppsala Sleep Inventory (USI). In Study 1, one hundred and twenty-two high school students (Gothenburg, Sweden), aged 17-19 years participated, whereas in Study 2, two hundred and eight professional office employees from a number of government agencies and corporations (Borås, Sweden), aged 27-61 years participated. Measures for HAD-anxiety and HAD-depression from five other studies of affective personality profiles were included also. Results: The results indicated marked differences in both psychological and physical well-being or discomfort due to affective personality profiles, whereby "Self-fulfilling" individuals, expressing high positive affect and low negative affect, presented markedly better health profiles than the other three types of affective personality, i.e. "Low affective", "High affective" and "Self-destructive". Conclusions: In this regard the notion of "empowerment" as a vehicle for putative reinforcements of cognitive abilities that modulate emotional systems is discussed.

Ageing population is becoming a major concern because of its economic, political and social impact. Trusted eldercare service is an important issue for a matured nation. The paper addresses the preconditions of healthy ageing and sustainable value integrated eldercare in a developing and a developed society. In India, professional eldercare is about a decade old and is still emerging to get a foothold in the health care system. The aim is to explore understanding and values of home-based eldercare (HBEC) in India from a multiple stakeholder’s perspective and to understand the value related challenges and issues in developments with HBEC in Sweden which has a century old experience of professional and public organised eldercare. The study included 210 in-depth interviews, 105 each from India and Sweden. The in-depth interviews of various stakeholders including older individuals, their relatives, caregivers, managers and doctors. Interviews and focused group discussions were carried out across six cities in India and 10 municipalities in Sweden. The qualitative data were analysed to conceptualise the stakeholders understanding of HBEC, the values associated with care giving, perceived challenges and issues in the emerging HBEC sector in India. The findings highlight the changing values in the societies with relation to the needs and context of eldercare in both countries. These preconditions for compassion and work engagement in care giving as well as competence development in caregivers need to be strengthened in the contexts of care and in alignment with sociocultural values

Consuming less but better or the best – this would be a sign of wisdom. The wisdom of resilience, which tells us, that at the end of a story there is always the beginning of a story, but a better story...

What are the economic and emotional benefits of consuming and producing less? How can the power of words be used to preserve a country’s beauty and natural resources? This presentation encourages us to think differently about consumption and reminds us that a consumer-hungry outlook for cheaper and faster is outdated, and that we now know that consuming and producing less, in fact, creates more jobs, more free time, and more happiness.

A view on revolutionary changes in society and consumer behavior is presented, addressing topics like why retailers need a radical mind shift and a new toolkit, and memory of the future: how to revitalize your brand and build a new future.

Hot och våld inom vård är idag ett aktuellt område som vi kan ta del av från massmedia med jämna mellanrum. Våldsamma incidenter har identifierats inom all vård både i Sverige och internationellt och kan utgöra ett betydande problem både för personal, medpatienter, anhöriga och för patienten själv. Det finns både en förväntan och ett särskilt ansvar vilande på vårdpersonal. I psykiatrisk omvårdnad förväntas att vårdpersonal kan hantera situationer med inslag av aggression, hot och våld på ett professionellt sätt utan att tillfoga patienten onödigt lidande. Här krävs kunskap men också förståelse inför patienten situation och patientens upplevelser. Forskning inom frågor som rör arbetsmiljö visar att förekomst av hot och våld inom vård kan skapa allvarliga arbetsmiljöproblem. Risker finns för personal att drabbas av långvariga psykosociala problem, vilket kan innebära minskad arbetsglädje, skuld och självanklagelser. När vårdare känner skuld över att inte klara av sitt jobb, anklagar sig själv för att inte våga, kan känslan av professionell inkompetens att misslyckas i sin gärning som vårdare infinna sig.

People with sleep-onset problems often experience neuroticism. To what extent the one problem leads to the other is unknown. We used self-reported data from a Swedish longitudinal project to examine developmental links between neuroticism and sleep-onset problems. A sample of 212 people, followed from birth to midlife, was part of a cohort study spanning 37 years. Adolescent neuroticism was measured at age 16 with the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ, Form A) and in midlife at age 37 with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Sleep-onset problems were measured at ages 15 to 17, 25, and 37 with items developed for the Solna Project. Adolescent neuroticism failed to predict sleep-onset problems. Instead, sleep-onset problems in adolescence and young adulthood predicted midlife neuroticism. We found that sleep-onset problems during adolescence were a direct risk for midlife neuroticism, as well as, an indirect risk through continuance of sleep-onset problems into adulthood. This study provides longitudinal support for adolescent sleep-onset problems as a potent risk factor for heightened neuroticism in midlife. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Frågor om kvalitet, tillgänglighet och effektivitet i vården engagerar många och debatteras ofta i media. Att möta media är idag vanligt för chefer i vården och en viktig del av chefsarbetet. I media kan dock ett komplext problem komma att förenklas till att tillskrivas den ansvarige chefen snarare än t.ex. politiska, ekonomiska och organisatoriska förhållanden och överväganden. Mediebevakningen och debatten kan innehålla mer av en personfokusering än saklig debatt om viktiga frågor. Studier om orsak, förlopp och konsekvenser för en sådan personfokusering har varit få. Under 2011–2013 genomfördes en rad studier som syftade till att få djupare kunskap om hur chefer påverkas av att bli personligt fokuserade i media, vad som kan göras för att förebygga att negativa situationer uppstår och vilket stöd som krävs för att möta intensivt och kritiskt mediafokus. Projektet finansierades av afa försäkring och ett syfte var också att ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag för beredskap och stöd inför, under och efter möte med media. Rapporten har författats av professor Lotta Dellve vid Högskolan i Borås och kth (projektledare), leg. psykolog och doktorand Maria Wramsten Wilmar vid Högskolan Borås, leg. psykolog Christian Jacobsson vid Psykologiska Institutionen Göteborgs Universitet och Gunnar Ahlborg jr, leg. överläkare och docent i arbetsmedicin samt chef för Institutet för Stressmedicin, Västra Götalandsregionen.

I jakten efter stående förändring har begreppet organisatoriskt lärande putsats av och åter blivit populärt. På senare år har man emellertid gått från den något abstrakta och svårimplementerbara föreställningen att det är organisationen som skall lära sig något, till att fokusera på den som faktiskt lär sig – individen. I denna artikel, som baseras på en nyligen gjord fallstudie av ett internt Executive coachingprogram diskuteras frågan om huruvida Executive coaching kan vara något för organisationen som vill lära. I fallstudien undersöktes en större global organisation som redan 2002 hade implementerat ett dylikt program och författaren, Leif Denti, ville undersöka programmet i dess helhet; längs hela kedjan från viktiga förutsättningar för coaching till resultatet av insatsen. Först ges en inblick i den samlade kunskapen kring Executive coaching - dess förutsättningar, tillvägagångssätt och effekter. Därefter presenteras fallstudien, dess resultat och lärdomar. Artikeln avslutas med en diskussion om Executive coachings roll för den lärande organisationen.

It is a challenge for psychology education to teach students about the possibilities and limitations of psychological theories. In the present article, we attempt to meet this challenge by employing the metaphorical expression “theories-are-maps” as a didactic tool for exploring the dynamics between psychology as a scientific project and the nature of the phenomena observed. Using mental illness as an example, we use the map metaphor to discuss the various difficulties involved in teaching theories in psychology, in such terms as the risk of confusing maps and terrain. While using theories-are-maps as a tool does add complexity to psychology education, it also helps illustrate how the relationship between theory and the “reality” that theoretical devices are describing can be envisaged. We see this as a contribution to the discussion on critical thinking in psychology, particularly in the teaching of psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)

Purpose Possible selves are conceptions of our selves in future states. Previous findings indicated that women with anorexia nervosa tended to have more negative possible selves than a control group, even when rating future situations normally regarded in our society as desirable. The present study investigated whether this was a general pattern in women with eating disorders, relating findings on possible selves to depression. Possible selves concerning treatment were also included. Methods Patients with anorexia nervosa (n = 19), bulimia nervosa (n = 29) or an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) (n = 18) and a control group (n = 27) rated the valence of five possible selves on Likert’s scales. Levels of depression were measured among the patients using the Beck Depression Inventory. Results The patients rated the valence of the possible selves significantly less positively and more negatively than did the control group. A strong correlation between valence and depression was found in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. No such correlation was found in patients with EDNOS. Possible selves concerning future treatment were rated even more negatively. Conclusions The results indicate that, when compared to a non-patient group, eating disorder patients make more negative evaluations of possible selves usually seen as desirable. Depression may be a mediating factor in these evaluations for the anorexia and bulimia patients.

Adopting the construct of possible selves, which are conceptions of our selves in future situations, the objective of this study was to investigate how anorexia patients differ from a non-clinical control group in their conceptions of the future on qualitative con- tent, and the four quantitative dimensions positive and negative emotional valence, and beliefs about probability and controllabil- ity. The Possible Selves Statements Test was employed. Participants presented 14 possible selves by completing the question “I can see myself . . .” and rating each possible self on the 4 dimensions. The patients reported a larger number of negative possible selves, with higher negative valence, often seeing future everyday situations as negative, whereas the control group saw similar situations as pos- itive. The anorexia patients also reported negative possible selves with high controllability and high probability in relation to such situations and in some cases rated recovery from anorexia with a negative valence. Clinical implications are discussed.

The affective profiles model is based on the combination of individuals’ experience of high/low positive affect and high/low negative affect: self-fulfilling, high affective, low affective, and self-destructive. We used the profiles as the backdrop for the investigation of individual differences in malevolent character traits (i.e., the Dark Triad: psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism). A total of 1,000 participants (age: M = 31.50 SD = 10.27, 667 males and 333 females), recruited through Amazons’ Mechanical Turk (MTurk), responded to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. Individuals with a high affective profile reported higher degree of narcissism than those with any other profile, and together with individuals with a self-destructive profile, also higher degree of Machiavellianism and psychopathy than individuals with a low affective and self-fulfilling profile. Males scored higher in Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Together with earlier findings, our results show that while individuals in both the self-fulfilling and high affective profiles are extrovert and self-directed, only those in the high affective profile express an immature and malevolent character (i.e., high levels of all Dark Triad traits). Conversely, individuals in the self-fulfilling profile have earlier reported higher levels of cooperativeness and faith. More importantly, the unique association between high levels of positive emotions and narcissism and the unified association between negative emotions to both psychopathy and Machiavellianism imply a dyad rather than a triad of malevolent character traits.

Objective: We used the affective profiles model to investigate individual differences in motivation, stress andenergy. The aim was to replicate past findings, but we also focused on matched comparisons within individuals withaffective profiles that are similar in one affective dimension and differ in the other in order to predict changes whenindividuals increase/decrease their experience of positive or negative affect.

Methods: A total of 567 participants answered the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, which was usedfor affective profiling; the Situational Motivation Scale, which measures intrinsic motivation, identified regulation,external regulation, and amotivation; and the Stress-Energy questionnaire.

Results: Comparisons between the four different profiles, replicating the past findings, showed that individuals withhigh affective and self-fulfilling profile scored highest in intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and energy, whilethey scored lowest in external motivation, amotivation, and the self-fulfilling profile, also lowest in stress. Additionally,the matched comparisons showed, for example, that levels of intrinsic motivation increase when negative affect levelsdecrease, and positive affect is kept high when positive affect decreases and negative affect is kept low.

Conclusions: One important feature of the affective profiles model is the possibility to compare individuals thatare similar in one affect dimension but differ in the other (Garcia, 2011, 2017). This way of discussing individualdifferences helps to predict what changes could be expected when individuals increase or decrease their experience ofpositive or negative affect. Importantly, the direction of these changes cannot be addressed from cross-sectional data

Deception research has neglected the fact that legal-workers often have to try to detect deceit on the basis of statements derived from pairs of suspects, each having been interrogated repeatedly. To remedy this shortcoming we conducted a study where each memeber of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs was iterrogated twice about an alibi. One hundred and twenty undergraduate students were enrolled as lie-catchers. The main fidings were that (a) overall deception detection accuracy was modest; (b) lie-catchers given access to a large number of statements did not outperform lie-catchers given access to a lesser number of statements; (c) when asked to justify their veracity assessments the most frequently reported cue was 'consistency within pairs of suspects': (d) all cues to deception were of low diagnostic value. Psycho-legal aspects of integrating sequential information in deception detection context are discussed.

The paradigmatic task for participants in studies on deception is to assess veracity on the basis of a single statement. However, in applied contexts, lie catchers are often faced with multiple statements (reported by one or several suspects). To appreciate this mismatch, we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs (reporting fabricated alibis) was interrogated twice about an alibi. As predicted, lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than were truth-telling pair members, and single liars and truth tellers were equally consistent over time. Furthermore, truth tellers made more commissions than did liars. Although in line with our repeat vs. reconstruct hypothesis, these findings contrast sharply with beliefs held by professional lie catchers and recommendations found in literature on deception detection. The results are translated into an applied psycholegal context.

This study shows that effective knowledge management is essential in a creative knowledge environment of R&D groups in cutting-edge fields such as biotechnology. To a great extent, knowledge management is revealed as a group leadership task. Moreover, group leaders emphasize group organization as a way to generate ideas, while group members are concerned with creative leadership. Group climates are unanimously perceived to be conducive to creative output. Theoretical starting points taken in creativity are seen as fostered by the environment rather than by individual characteristics. Data were collected by semi-structured, oral interviews (N = 84) with group leaders and group members at universities and biotechnical companies in Sweden. Data were analysed by content and categorized accordingly. Future research on creative micro-environments should focus on leadership issues and knowledge management.

There is a need to better understand the organizational factors influencing innovative performance. This cross-cultural study examined organizational support factors in biotech R&D groups differing in innovative performance. The objective was to twofold; first to explore how organizing influences innovativeness in R&D, and, second to examine if R&D organizing is related to nations having a low and high innovation degree, respectively. Results supported that organizing R&D as well as national innovation performance are related. Crucial organizational issues found were how much organizations encouraged innovations, the degree of perceived autonomy and to what extent organizations could supply knowledge. Some of the implications of these results are introduced.

Människans tanke- och handlingsförmåga är unik. Men det är också hennes förmåga att avstå från vissa tankar och handlingar.

gKommunikation är centralt i nästan alla mänskliga aktiviteter. I klassrummen är kommunikation en nödvändighet för att skapa ett positivt fysiskt och socialt klimat som grund för samspel och lärande. Det är dock möjligt att kommunicera på många olika sätt och forskningen, framför allt den internationella, kan nu visa vilka sätt att kommunicera som ger bäst resultat. Trots att kommunikation är så centralt i undervisning har ytterst få böcker på svenska tagit ett helhetsgrepp om detta intressanta och viktiga ämne. Boken behandlar bl.a.: • kommunikationsmönster i klassrummet • känslors betydelse för kommunikation och lärande • gruppkommunikation och lärande • multimodal kommunikation i klassrummet • hur frågor används på ett optimalt sätt • hur tydlighet och visualisering fungerar som hjälpmedel. Boken vänder sig till blivande och verksamma lärare inom grund- och gymnasieskolan samt andra yrkesgrupper med intresse för kommunikation och lärande inom utbildning.

Steget från att vara kollega till att leda sina kollegor kan kännas stort. Men vad är det som utmärker ledarskap mitt i den pedagogiska vardagen? Vad behöver man tänka på för att fungera som ledare? Och vad behöver man utveckla och lära sig?

Ledarskap mitt i verksamheten - att leda kollegor i förskola, skola och fritidshem tar sig an några av de mest centrala frågor som blivande eller nyblivna ledare har, såsom vad det innebär att vara ledare, vilka ledarskapsteorier man kan ta hjälp av, vad det är för skillnad på formellt och informellt ledarskap, vilken roll kommunikation har för ledarskap, vad man behöver tänka på som är kopplat till etik och konflikter, hur man förhåller sig till kulturella aspekter, vilken roll kunskap och kunskapsdelning har för ledarskap samt hur man leder en mindre grupp.

Boken ger möjlighet till reflektion kring vad ledarskap innebär för den som hamnar i en ledande position nära sina kollegor. Läsaren får en bättre förståelse för många av ledarskapets utmaningar och ges verktyg för att hantera dem.

Boken vänder sig både till dig som studerar för att arbeta inom pedagogisk verksamhet och till dig som redan har varit i verksamheten en tid och vill ta ett större ansvar för utvecklingsarbetet. Den är också ett stöd för dig som behöver vägleda i det pedagogiska arbetet.

Ledarskapskompetens - leda, lära och utveckla - övrigt, Svenska, 2022Författare: Mikael JensenVälj antal 426kr  Spara till önskelista Skickas inom 1-3 vardagar   Kan vem som helst bli ledare? Kan den som redan är ledare bli en bättre ledare? Det finns inte några enkla svar på dessa frågor. Utgångspunkten i den här boken är emellertid att förmågan att leda inte är något medfött utan något man lär sig genom att utveckla och förfina en uppsättning mer eller mindre nödvändiga kompetenser. Detta är också grunden i ett kompetensperspektiv på ledarskap.

I boken presenterar författaren ett antal kompetenser som har betydelse för ledarskap, som till exempel kommunikationskompetens och relationskompetens. Sammantaget handlar dessa kompetenser om att förstå sig själv, sina medarbetare och sin verksamhet i ett större sammanhang.

Boken är indelad i fyra delar. Del 1 lägger grunden för den ledarskapsmodell som boken är uppbyggd kring. Del 2 och 3 ger en fördjupad beskrivning av de olika kompetenser som utgör modellens huvud- och bikomponenter. I del 4 presenteras jämförelser med andra ledarskapsteorier samt konkreta exempel på hur modellen kan tillämpas i olika verksamheter och situationer.

Boken riktar sig till blivande och verksamma ledare. Syftet är att ge läsaren dels en djupare förståelse för vad det innebär att vara ledare, dels hjälp i att utöva ledarskapet.

Ledarskap är mångfasetterat och går att betrakta från flera olika synvinklar. Hur man än väljer att se på ledarskap fångar man bara ett fåtal aspekter. Detta har medfört att ledarskapsforskning är ett av de mest omfattande forskningsområdena och dessutom ett av de mest omtalade. Enigheten kring vad ledarskap är, är ganska låg. Så vad är ledarskap egentligen? Svaret på den frågan kan beskrivas med någon av alla de ledarskapsteorier som finns. Ju fler ledarskapsteorier man tar del av, desto bättre förstår man fenomenets komplexitet. I detta kapitel presenteras ett urval av ledarskapsteorier med relevans för lärares undervisning. De representerar en rad olika synsätt för att du som läsare både ska kunna se bredden inom ledarskapsforskning och kunna fördjupa dig i de teorier som du finner användbara.

Från förlaget: Lek är avgörande för barns lärande. I den här boken beskriver och analyserar en grupp svenska forskare från olika vetenskapliga discipliner barns lek och relationen mellan lek och lärande. Bokens olika kapitel bidrar till ett mångfacetterat helhetsperspektiv som vuxna behöver för att förstå lek och lärande. Aspekter som behandlas är utveckling, kommunikation, kognition, natur och kultur.

The purpose of the present study was to examine high school adolescent pupils’ self-regulatory strategies in relation to psychological well-being and subjective well-being (i.e., temporal life satisfaction and affect) using the affective profiles model as the backdrop for the analysis. Participants were categorized into Self-fulfilling (high positive, low negative), High affective (high positive, high negative), Low affective (low positive, low negative) and Self-destructive (low positive, high negative) profiles according to their responses on the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. The participants also self-reported self-regulation (“assessment” and “locomotion”),temporal life satisfaction (past, present and future) and psychological well-being (e.g. Self-acceptance,environmental mastery, personal growth). Self-fulfilling adolescents, in contrast to Self-destructive adolescents, expressed high levels of temporal life satisfaction and psychological well-being. The self-regulatory “locomotion” dimension was associated to high positive affect profiles, higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being whereas the self-regulatory “assessment” dimension was associated with high negative affect profiles, lesser life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Taken together, the well-being outcomes linked to the “locomotion” dimension seem to contribute to an upward ‘spiral of empowerment’, reinforcing approaching or agentic behavior; while the outcome linked to the “assessment” dimension appear to consist of a downward ‘spiral of disempowerment’ or inaction.

Denna avhandling undersöker realismen i människors konfidensbedömningar. En konfidens- bedömning sker när en person uttalar hur säker han/hon är på att en proposition han/hon har framfört är korrekt. Med realism menas hur väl personens konfidensbedömning matchar korrektheten i uttalandet. Många olika faktorer påverkar realismen i konfidensen och denna avhandling fokuserar på fyra faktorer; sinnesstämning, individuella skillnader, utvecklingspsykologiska och sociala aspekter. Studie I undersökte om sinnesstämning påverkade den säkerhet människor har till sitt episodiska minne. En positiv sinnesstämning inducerades i en grupp. Dock fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två gruppernas (positiv och neutral) konfidensbedömningar. Studiens slutsats var att moderata nivåer av en positiv sinnesstämning inte påverkar de aktuella metakognitiva bedömningarna. Frekvensbedömningarnas (ett mått på hur många frågor totalt som personen ifråga tror sig ha svarat rätt på) visade att deltagarna signifikant underskattade sin faktiska prestation, detta i kontrast till de specifika konfidensbedömningarna, där deltagarna överskattade sin faktiska prestation. I Studie II undersöktes stabiliteten och variabiliteten i realismen i deltagarnas konfidensbedömningar över tid, innehållsdomän, genus och kognitiv stil. Två test, ORD (ordkunskap) och DTK (logisk/spatial förmåga) från det svenska Högskoleprovet administrerades över tre tillfällen. Resultaten visade att det finns individuella stabila skillnader över tid och domän i deltagarnas konfidensbedömningar. Dock återfanns också skillnader mellan de två domänerna i deltagarnas konfidensbedömningar. Inga skillnader mellan genus kunde spåras och kognitiv stil (Need for Cognition) hade ingen effekt på deltagarnas konfidensbedömningar. Studie III undersökte barns (11-12 år) konfidensbedömningar till svar på frågor gällande deras minne (det episodiska minnet) av en kort videofilm. Fyra olika skalor att skatta konfidensbedömningar med testades; den numeriska skalan, bildskalan, linjeskalan och den verbala skalan. Vilken skala som användes påverkade inte barnens konfidensbedömningar. Barnen visade sig mer överkonfidenta i relation till sina svar än de vuxna som tidigare använt samma material i tidigare studier. Dessutom, barnens frekvensbedömningar (uppskattning av det totala antalet korrekt besvarade frågor) visade på att deltagarna överskattade sin faktiska prestation. Studie IV undersökte hur social återkoppling påverkade barns (12 år) konfidensbedömningar till svar på frågor gällande deras minne (det episodiska minnet) av en kort videofilm (samma material som användes i Studie III). Mellan-individ faktorn var relaterad till huruvida återkopplingen barnet fick kom från en lärare eller en kamrat. Inom-individ faktorn gällde olika typer av återkoppling; konfirmerande eller icke-konfirmerande återkoppling på såväl korrekta som inkorrekta svar. Resultatet visade att barnen (12 år) var överkonfidenta oavsett vilken typ av återkoppling de fick. Dock, konfirmerande återkoppling resulterade i sämre realism i barnens konfidensbedömningar än icke-konfirmerande återkoppling. Deltagarnas frekvensbedömningar (totalt antal korrekt besvarade frågor) visade återigen (se Studie III) på överskattning. Resultatet av denna avhandling visar att ytterligare två faktorer, individuella skillnader och utvecklingspsykologiska aspekter, bör läggas till de fem; tid, återkoppling, kontext, motivation och erfarenhet inom domän, vilka introducerades av Allwood och Granhag (1999) som påverkande faktorer av människors konfidensbedömningar. This dissertation investigates the realism in people's confidence judgments. Study I investigated whether mood influences the confidence people have in their event memory. However, there were no significant differences in the realism of the participants' confidence judgments between conditions (elated and neutral). This study concluded that moderate levels of elation might not influence the realism in confidence judgments. In Study II the stability and variability in the realism of confidence judgments over time, content domain and gender were investigated. Two tests, WORD (word knowledge)and DTK (logical/spatial ability), from the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test were administered on three occasions. The results showed that there were stable individual differences over time and domain in the participants' confidence judgments. No gender differences were found and no effect was found of the cognitive style Need-for-Cognition, NfC. Study III investigated children's (11-12 year old) confidence judgments of answers to questions on their episodic memories. Four different confidence scales were tested; the numeric scale, the picture scale, the line scale and the written scale. The four scales showed no difference for the children's confidence judgments. Further, the children were more overconfident than adults who had used the same material in recent studies. Also, the children's frequency judgments showed overestimation. Finally, Study IV investigated how social feedback influence children's (12 year old)confidence judgments (the same material as in Study III was used). The between-subject factor related to whether the feedback was given by a teacher or a classmate and the within-subject factor concerned type of feedback; confirmatory or disconfirmatory feedback on both correct and incorrect answers. The results showed that the children were overconfident independent of what kind of feedback they recieved and no effect of the source of the feedback was found. However, confirmatory feedback resulted in worse realism in the children's confidence judgments than disconfirmatory feedback. The children's frequency judgments again showed overestimation. In summary, the results in this thesis show that individual differences and developmental aspects should be added to the five factors that were argued by Allwood and Granhag (1999) to influence confidence judgments; time, feedback, contextual, motivational and experience within the domain.