This study addresses an energy survey and how future energy surveys can develop to achieve sustainable development based on all sustainability aspects. The study consists of analyzes and in-depth questions on various issues about sustainable development.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and follow up on previously carried out energy measures and follow up the continuation by analyzing the results based on environmental, economic and social aspects. In an energy survey, the economic and ecological aspects are taken into account, social aspects are usually excluded. This study will contribute to the possibility of including social aspects in an energy survey as well in order to contribute to the sustainable development as a whole.

In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the author has used various qualitative methods such as interviewing, site visits and observation. Qualitative methods and previously documented follow-ups of the energy survey, creates an interpretation of the current situation and previously implemented action propsals. In addition, the Primo database has been used and various scientific articles/reports have been studied.

The results consists of an analysis of the energy survey and shows how it can develop by including social aspects. By including all sustainability aspects, additional financial savings are obtained compared to only environmental and economic considerations. Social action proposals contribute to greater involvement of the residents. This results in an economic saving in form of increased environmental competence and consequent thinking on energy consumption.

The construction and real estate sector in Sweden accounts for about 21 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, with most of the emissions coming from the production of buildings. The focus of the work is mostly on making the right choice of building materials in terms of cost and their climate impact. This report examines a new production project underway in Borås. The aim of the project is to reduce the climate impact of the new building by analysing the choice of materials and how it can affect the whole building both economically and in terms of sustainability. The aim is also to help private customers to make the right choice of materials to build more climate-smart with fewer carbon emissions.

Regarding sustainable construction, different perspectives exist on which building materials are best, for instance such as wood or concrete.

The methodology used to obtain the results consisted of site visits to an ongoing construction project, interviews, the online platform Prodikt and a literature review. Based on the results of the interview study and from Prodikt, it was established that the building materials with a strong focus on the environment are expensive. This can make persuading private consumers to opt for eco-friendly materials difficult.

Results from calculations suggest a large improvement in climate impact with replacement products compared to the reference project's current products. The cost of the replacement products was found to be higher than the cost of the existing products. In addition, results indicate that only environmentally friendly products will be available in the future. The prices of building materials will decrease if the production of environmentally friendly products increases resulting in lower construction costs.

The conclusion of this project is that there are influencing factors such as knowledge and experience on a material selection with reduced climate impact. This can make it easier for private individuals to build on a smaller budget and have a lower climate impact. For further research, influencing factors can be studied on how to disseminate the information more to individuals.

This study evaluates the accuracy of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particle matter(PM) sensors marketed for ventilation purposes. VOC sensors were tested using knownconcentrations of VOC-gases, according to ISO 16 000-29. Further, PM sensors together witha reference instrument were exposed to aerosols originating from cigarette smoke, salt and oil.Results show that all tested VOC sensors do not respond to all test gases. Also, two copies ofthe same VOC sensor do not give the same output. PM sensors generally measure lowerconcentrations compared to the reference instrument and show higher accuracy for PM10 thanfor PM1 and PM2.5. Although the results seem discouraging, several of the sensors respondto changes in concentrations and thus might have the potential to be used for ventilationcontrol. Further, the results imply that using the sensors for purpose of determining ormeasuring the indoor air quality (IAQ) is not possible.

Just as other industries, the construction industry wishes to reduce its climate impact. By replacing traditional concrete flooring with composite action flooring, the used amount of cement can be reduced. To be able to reach longer spans it is necessary that the composite action between the components is as high as possible. The stiffness of the fastener is one crucial factor that has a large impact on the composite action.

The purpose of this report is to examine the deformation properties of the connectors when fastened in wood and concrete, respectively. Increased knowledge in this area may lead to more efficient ways of designing composite action constructions.

In this report, the location of the yield hinge was determined with models based on Johansens theories for nails in wooden structures as well as the theory of beams on elastic foundations. Compression tests were performed on several different connectors in concrete and wood to determine the foundation modulus and embedment strength. Tensile tests were performed on the same type of fasteners to determine the yield strength of each connector. Bending-tests on specimens made of wood and concrete with connectors anchored to them was used to verify if the calculation-models displayed a correct result. The specimens were then split in half and the location of the yield hinge was measured in two different ways. The necessary characteristics acquired from the tests were afterwards used in the calculations and compared to the obtained yield hinge.

The results from the performed tests and calculations show that Johansens theories are applicable in ultimate limit state. They also show that when within ultimate limit state, the stress distribution in the material tends to be evenly distributed. The theory of beam on elastic foundation tends to work well when all materials are still acting linear-elastic. When this is the case, the stress distribution seems to be triangular. The results also show that whether the fastener is sharpened or not has an influence on the embedment strength as well as the foundation modulus of the wood.

One of the most important questions in today´s society is the environment. The emission of greenhouse gases needs to decrease if the goals of the Paris Agreement are to be achieved. Today the construction industry in Sweden stands for 21 percent of the country’s total emission of greenhouse gases. If a building is to be sustainable both for the climate and the human, requirements are set by the Swedish national board of housing, building and planning, among others. Two of the requirements are fire safety and energy performance. If a building is to achieve these properties, the right materials are needed.

In 2018 the Swedish government gave the Swedish parliament a letter containing proposals of measures on how to achieve the goals for the climate. The government meant that the environment needs to have a bigger priority with the increase of house building. The government deemed that the knowledge when it comes to understanding a buildings environmental impact from a life cycle perspective needs to improve. With the goal of decreasing the environmental impact from construction in the future.

A method used to calculate the environmental impact a product will have during its whole lifetime, is with a life-cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA can be limited to only include some parts of lifecycle in the analysis. In an LCA several environmental problems can be examined, for example the environmental impact.

An LCA was done where two different frame walls were compared, one with a frame consisting of wood and another consisting of concrete. Both walls fulfilled the same requirements regarding fire safety and energy performance. The analysis was limited to only study the environmental impact measured in emitted carbon dioxide equivalents and resource use for the respective wall. The stages in the life cycles of the walls that were analyzed were mining of raw materials until the walls were demolished and transported for recycling. The walls had a set lifespan of one hundred years.

The Analysis showed that the wall with a wooden frame had an environmental impact of 23 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per m2, and that the wall with a concrete frame had an environmental impact of 60 kg.

In the Paris agreement 2016, most countries in the world signed on to that the global warming should stay below 2 degrees Celsius, preferable 1.5 degree Celsius. Sweden has set a goal of zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by the year of 2045. To reduce the greenhouse emissions a new law has been released first of January 2022. The law states that almost all new buildings must have a climate declaration to get final approval.

A climate declaration is a calculation of all greenhouse gases during the construction phase, which is the first phase in the life cycle of the building. The purpose with the law is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, increase knowledge and awareness withing the construction industry. It´s also about getting all parties involved and raise awareness for the life cycle analysis. The purpose of this report is to investigate how the new law will affect the Swedish company RO-Gruppen and increase the knowledge of climate declarations.

A pilot project has been performed to study the effect regarding climate declaration and live cycle analysis. The pilot project includes a start of a climate declaration to understand how the law should be applied. From the study of the pilot project a manual has been created. The manual will be a guide for RO-Gruppen when performing a climate analysis. To create a climate declaration all parties involved in the project need to collaborate. It’s required that all parties are engaged in wanting to solve the climate challenge the world is facing now. Today the law states that a climate declaration must be registered at Boverket, a Swedish authority, but as more climate declarations will be performed, Boverket will use statistics to set allowed limits further on.

In 2021, Sweden made the progressive decision to be the first country in the Nordic region to introduce climate declarations on newly produced homes. This year, according to regulations, it will be mandatory for developers to declare the climate impact on buildings – which in time will develop into a complete life cycle analysis of housing. Since it is a new regulation, a risk analysis must be performed if there may be consequences for other economies such as socioandmicroeconomics, then examine measures to minimize the risks. From impact assessments, the declarations could affect production costs, competition, and increased rents among tenants.

The subject area is based on future conditions and consists of qualitative interpretations of dissertations, authorities, interviews, and electronic sources. The interviews consisted of municipal and government inspections from the City of Borås, the City of Malmö and the Swedish Competition Authority. A short interview was also conducted from an exponent of Tuve Bygg to get a brief overview of the market and input from the socio-economic part with the help of email communication by the head of administration from Bostäder in Borås.

It was concluded that environmental regulation did not have to have a major influence on future construction rates. Measures such as the considerable influence of the circular economy, construction technology consisting of wood, smaller living spaces and collective housing at thesame time as the conversion of old premises would reduce the pressure on housing shortages. That trustees could use climate declarations for the lease negotiations is an uncertainty for tenants; but that the price development of rents is no guarantee - If there were to be increased rents, segregation and gaps would occur. The pace of electrification of construction industryplayers could also generate energy loads; which would affect rural areas and homeowners themost; decentralization of electricity production would reduce the risk. Material product manufacturers also have a suitable argument for raising material prices for stricter requirements; something that affects private individuals and builders in the construction industry. The conclusion could also include that the subject is governed by other policies such as industry, energy, and housing policy. Environmental regulation can be costly, but parallelism of innovation, good competition policy position and instruments do not have to be a major strain on the industry.