Wastes and residuals are undeniably part of human society. The accumulation of these materials and the “throw-away philosophy” result in many environmental and health issues and safety hazard problems, and prevent sustainable development in terms of resource recovery and recycling of waste materials. The carbon sources in the wastes can be converted to energy (electricity, heat, chill, fuels) and even materials using different technologies including collecting and converting current landfill gases, wet or dry anaerobic digestion to biogas, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Sweden has been one of the pioneers in waste management and resource recovery with more than 30 years development. The MSW of 150,000,000 inhabitants (with a typical composition and amount similar to the Nordic European countries) can be converted to about 1,000-5,000 MW electricity, depending on the technology used.