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Development of biocomposites from lactic acid thermoset resins and cellulose fibre reinforcements
University of Borås, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business. (Resource Recovery)
2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
The content falls within the scope of Sustainable Development
Abstract [en]

Synthesis of polymers from renewable origin has been reported by many authors and it has been found out that it has enormous potential and can serve as alternative to conventional thermoplastics and thermosets in many applications. The use of these renewable resources will provide sustainable platforms to substitute fossil fuel-based materials. To date, efforts made to produce 100% bio-based thermosetting materials have yet to be achieved. Many studies have been reported on increasing the renewability ratio of thermoset materials produced.

A lot of reports have been made on the synthesis of thermoplastic resins from lactic acid for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering but only few reports have been made on composite applications. The issue of high melt viscosity of thermoplastic resins from lactic acid has been of paramount problem because of its difficulty in impregnation into fibre reinforcement. Bio-based thermoset resins have been produced for composite applications from plant oils and improved mechanical properties have been achieved.

In this thesis, an alternative route for synthesis of lactic acid based thermoset resins have been explored to solve the above problem. Thermoset resins were synthesized from lactic acid with different co-reactants and were characterized using NMR, FT-IR, DSC, DMA and TGA. Their rheological properties were also investigated. The resins were reinforced with natural and regenerated cellulose fibres in non-woven and woven form, and with different fibre alignment and fibre loading. The resulting composites were characterized by mechanical testing regarding tensile, flexural and impact strength, and by SEM analysis regarding morphology.

The results showed that these composites could possibly be used in automobile, transport, construction and furniture applications, particularly for interior purposes. The resins produced were found to be promising materials for composite production due to the good mechanical properties achieved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Borås: Högskolan i Borås, 2015. , p. 47
Series
Skrifter från Högskolan i Borås, ISSN 0280-381X ; 58
Keywords [en]
lactic acid, thermoset resin, renewable resources, natural fibre, regenerated cellulose fibre, composite
National Category
Environmental Biotechnology
Research subject
Resource Recovery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23ISBN: 978-91-87525-51-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-87525-52-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hb-23DiVA, id: diva2:793106
Public defence
2015-05-13, E310, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, Borås, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Available from: 2015-05-19 Created: 2015-03-06 Last updated: 2015-12-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins from Lactic Acid and Glycerol
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins from Lactic Acid and Glycerol
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2014 (English)In: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, E-ISSN 1097-4628, Vol. 131, no 12, p. 1-9Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A bio-based thermoset resin has been synthesized from glycerol reacted with lactic acid oligomers of three different chain lengths: n=3, 7 and 10. Lactic acid was first reacted with glycerol by direct condensation and the resulted branched molecule was then end-functionalized with methacrylic anhydride. The resins were characterized using FTIR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy to confirm the resins chemical structure and by DSC and DMTA to obtain the thermal properties. The resin flow viscosities were also measured using a Rheometer with different stress levels for each temperature used, as this is an important characteristic for resins which are intended to be used as a matrix in composite applications. The results showed that the resin with chain length n=3 have a better mechanical, thermal and rheological properties than resin with n=7 and 10. Also with its biobased content of 78% and glass transition temperature at 97°C makes it comparable with the commercial unsaturated polyester resins.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2014
Keywords
Biopolymer and Renewable polymers, Composites, Crosslinking, Resins, Thermosets, Resource Recovery
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Resource Recovery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-1866 (URN)10.1002/app.40488 (DOI)000334600500034 ()2320/13743 (Local ID)2320/13743 (Archive number)2320/13743 (OAI)
Available from: 2015-11-13 Created: 2015-11-13 Last updated: 2017-03-01Bibliographically approved
2. Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated lactic acid based thermoset bio-resins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated lactic acid based thermoset bio-resins
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2014 (English)In: European Polymer Journal, ISSN 0014-3057, E-ISSN 1873-1945, Vol. 67, p. 570-582Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bio-based thermoset resins have been synthesized using lactic acid oligomers, which were functionalized with carbon–carbon double bonds, in order to allow their crosslinking by a free radical mechanism. Two different resin structures were synthesized. One resin was composed of an allyl alcohol terminated lactic acid oligomer, which was end-functionalized with methacrylic anhydride (MLA resin). The second resin was a mixture of the same allyl alcohol-lactic acid oligomer, and penthaerythritol. This mixture was end-functionalized with methacrylic anhydride, in order to get a methacrylate functionalized lactic acid oligomer, and methacrylate functionalized penthaerythritol (PMLA resin). The synthesized resins were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry as well as dynamic mechanical analysis to confirm the resin structure and reactivity. The flow viscosities were also measured in order to evaluate the suitability of the resins to be used as a matrix in composite applications. The results showed that the PMLA resin has better mechanical, thermal and rheological properties than the MLA resin, and both had properties which were comparable with a commercial unsaturated polyester resin. The high biobased content of 90% and the high glass transition temperature at 100 °C for the PMLA resin makes it an attractive candidate for composite applications where crude oil based unsaturated polyester resins are normally used.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Pergamon Press, 2014
Keywords
Bioresin, Lactic acid, Resursåtervinning
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Resource Recovery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-1996 (URN)10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.045 (DOI)2320/14546 (Local ID)2320/14546 (Archive number)2320/14546 (OAI)
Available from: 2015-11-13 Created: 2015-11-13 Last updated: 2017-11-02Bibliographically approved
3. Mechanical properties for bio-based thermoset composites made from lactic acid, glycerol and viscose fibers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanical properties for bio-based thermoset composites made from lactic acid, glycerol and viscose fibers
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2015 (English)In: Cellulose, ISSN 0969-0239, E-ISSN 1572-882X, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 603-613Article in journal (Refereed) Published
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Research subject
Resource Recovery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3981 (URN)10.1007/s10570-014-0500-3 (DOI)000350877100049 ()2-s2.0-84925463414 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2015-12-11 Created: 2015-12-09 Last updated: 2022-05-10Bibliographically approved

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Bakare, Fatimat Oluwatoyin

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