The purpose of this literature review is to compile and analyze what international researchers say about pupils' attitudes toward mathematics in elementary school. Furthermore, the purpose of the literature review is to investigate whether there are gender differences in the attitudes toward mathematics. In order to fulfill the purpose of the literature review, the research questions were; What does the research say about elementary pupils' attitudes toward mathematics? Are there any gender differences in attitudes toward mathematics? What other factors influence pupils' attitudes toward mathematics? In this literature review, nine peer reviewed articles have been selected from different international contexts. The results of the research show that there are both positive and negative attitudes toward mathematics and that some gender differences do exist. The results also reveal factors that influence pupils' attitudes toward mathematics such as age, teachers, and performance. These results were predominantly found through the use of quantitative methods but there were also a combination of both.