As a result of the war between Russia and Iran, in the beginning of XIXcentury Azerbaijan was divided into two parts. So, the South and North of Azerbaijan have had different developing lines. For two centuries there were prohibitions to the people of Azerbaijan to have any moral and spiritual communication. Though the reigns of chauvinist tsar in Russiaand chauvinist shah in Iran were like a heavy attack to the morality of the Azerbaijani people, who had ancient and rich literature and history, they could not break the people’s national pride and will to sustain their existence and pass to the future generation. From this point of view, the literature and the press that were created during that time have served the people on unparalleled level.The presented book discusses the literary and social activities of Azerbaijani intellectuals living in Iran and outside of its borders from the first half of the 19th century to the present day, as well as the different press organs and various media outlets they have published.This book has been written in order to create a systematic information about the press history of South Azerbaijan. It is the first initiative in this research field.The book is intended for students who study in the faculties of journalism, philology, history and oriental studies, as well as for the general public.

In this article, we offer a slightly different way of looking at the women's movement. Through literature we will travel through time and space by traveling to Azerbaijan, a country located in the south-eastern Caucasus, to the Middle Ages and back, to the 19th century Caucasus, and then to the Soviet era and Azerbaijan after the fall of the Soviet Union. Since Azerbaijan has not been independent for a long time and has not been able to conduct an independent national policy, neither the majority of the world is aware of the fact that the north of what is now called Iran is actually South Azerbaijan, nor do they know the literature created on both sides, North and South Azerbaijan, their troubles or successes. The activity of women has been overshadowed and has not been able to receive its due value!

The voice of Azerbaijani women has not been heard due to the division, occupation and exploitation of Azerbaijan, that is, due to the multifaceted oppression, obstacles and deprivations. Although the actions of Azerbaijani women are not recognized at the world level, we may state that they have been active in the society in the same level and scale as Clara Zetkin, Simone de Beauvoir and other world-famous women. This article sheds light on the activities of several Azerbaijani women and calls for them to be widely publicized in order to draw inspiration from their actions. Analyzing the activities of some Azerbaijani women writers, at the same time the reader can have a look at a large geographical area and the culture developed over centuries, especially the social-historical conditions different from many countries of the world.

I den här uppsatsen undersökes inlärning av svenska som andraspråk hos två grupper av ungdomar på en gymnasieskola i Sverige. Fokus i studien riktas mot användningen av ordinlärningsstrategier vid andraspråksinlärning hos dessa informanter, dvs. vilka typer av strategier och hur inlärares användning av dessa strategier kan beskrivas med särskilt fokus på bestämning av okända ords betydelser. Fokus riktas även mot betydelsen som användningen av dessa strategier har på informanternas resultat. Särskilt fokus riktas på användningen av strategier när eleverna härleder och/eller genererar de okända för dem ords betydelser utifrån sammanhanget under läsprocessen, vilket kallas lexical inferencing (LIF) inom språkvetenskap. I studien tillämpas think-aloud- metoden för undersökning av informanternas färdigheter i lexical inferencing, dvs. informanterna informerarmuntligt sina tankar och slutsatser om de okända ords betydelser i den givna läspassagen. I studien görs analys och förs resonemang och diskussion om varför vissa strategier används och vilka implikationer dessa kan ha på mer eller mindre framgångsrik ordinlärning. Studiens resultat visar bl.a. att informanterna använder sig av hela spektrumet av kognitiva, metakognitiva, sociala och affektiva strategier, men att de använder sig av dessa strategier i olika stor utsträckning och i olika grad av skicklighet. Studiens resultat visar också att det är svårt att påstå något entydigt om sambandet mellan användning av inlärningsstrategier och framgång i LIF eller om samvariation mellan strategierna, men att det finns indikationer på samvariation mellan kognitiva och sociala strategier, mellan kognitiva och metakognitiva strategier samt mellan affektiva och metakognitiva strategier. Det finns äver indikationer på hur dessa påverkar framgången i LIF och ansats till att förklara varför dessa samvariationer leder till mer eller mindre framgångsrik härledning görs i studiens analys- och diskussionsdel.

This paper aims to explore the main achievements of the early Republic of Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Atatürk represented the nation, the Grand National Assembly, and the new government. This study opposes the position of some scholars who define the framework of political, economic, and social views to aid in the construction of the Turkish nation-state eclectic. The importance of republicanism consisted in several major aspects, which are reviewed and assessed in different ways in the range of research works. This study also opposes to the statement that The Republic of Turkey was the first republican form of government in Muslim World and Atatürk was the first to secularize the state. The results show that the changes provided by Atatürk came at the right time to keep the country between the strongest developing countries in the world.

The Silk Road brought together the achievements of the different peoples of Eurasia to advance the Old World as a whole. But until now, the origins of these routes and relationships have not been examined in detail, regarding Azerbaijan. Kundu (2012) claims that for more than a decade, Indian merchants passed through Azerbaijan while traveling towards Europe, allowing Azerbaijan to emerge as the largest trade center on the Silk Route. In the present paper it is intended to illuminate the historical background against which the silk road flourished, shedding light on the importance of old-world cultural exchange between India and Azerbaijan and the importance of that to Eurasian and world history. The purpose is also to highlight the Indian and Azerbaijani merchants’ activities and contributions to Azerbaijan in the Middle Ages, to create a rich and varied portrait of life along the greatest trade route in history in a vivid, lively, and learned account that spans the eighth through the tenth centuries. The special focus of this study is on the Azerbaijan’s part in the picture of events. Recounting the different historical scenes at different times during this period, the contemporary sources are drawn on and firsthand accounts are used whenever possible to reconstruct the history of the route through the personal experiences of these characters. On the other, it is intended to highlight specific examples of goods and ideas exchanged between the Mediterranean, Persia, India, and China, along with the significance of these exchanges

This paper aims to highlight the most prominent elements in the history and the ways of the cultural ties between India and Azerbaijan. It is argued that the history of the Azerbaijani-Indian cultural relations is not only about the mutual influence of scientific and philosophical meetings, but also on the development of literary and poetry relations. The historical facts show that because of the lack of transport and technical facilities for direct communication, the foundation for Azerbaijani-Indian cultural relations was laid both in ancient and in the Middle Ages, mainly on literary relationships and contacts, and this process took a path toward development. The Azerbaijani mugham, in particular the mugham Mahur-Hindi, is also some of the references that prove the existence of relations in the field of music between the two countries, especially in the name of Humayun, the young heir of the Mogul dynasty.

The present paper reports the findings of the study where the dynamic mathematical software GeoGebra was used. GeoGebra, which is an open source, affords a variety of digital resources that allow learners to mathematize realistic problem situations. GeoGebra’s facilities makes it possible to communicate mathematics in different ways and expressing mathematical concepts in different representations in a more direct way than in non-dynamical environments. The research questions that have guided this investigation are: a) How do the students in the experimental classes work with GeoGebra while le solving integral tasks? b) How can the students’ work with GeoGebra be related to their perceptions1 of the role of GeoGebra in the process of learning of integrals? The analysis revealed that, compared with students with weak work methods, students with strong work methods were better in exploiting the potential of GeoGebra. They were also better in realizing the constraints of this software while using it as an instrument in their work with integrals

The main outbreaks of the millennium have to do with the discovery, extraction and using of oil that totally and rapidly transformed the world and in fact have been the core of the geopolitical politics of the great powers. From the late nineteenth century until the present, the story of industrialcivilization as we know it is the story of oil, petroleum, black gold. Based on this reason, one of the central places in the world has been Azerbaijan, which constitutes the south border between Europe and Asia. Jonathan H. Sicotte declares that “We may be able to truly assess the weight of these internal and external pressures only by focusing on Baku’s place within the broader trends that were affecting the world from 1914 to 1920. In this setting, Baku was part of a broader local and geopolitical struggle, both of which were inseparable from the industrialization that had built it into a modern industrial city” (2017: 18-19). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to explore the outbreaks affecting Azerbaijan, to explore a causative effect between the industrial and geopolitical dynamics surrounding the country and the political and ethnic violence that ravaged it. Furthermore, the paper will address how position of Baku as “the oil kingdom” was additionally complicated by geopolitical interference caused by the First World War and the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh and their aftermath. The city of Baku and surrounding area is one of the best-known oil regions in theworld. This work aims to analyze how the industrialization of oil secured Baku as a place of immense importance in the global economic order of the period. In order to accomplish this task, this study will examine elements of social, economic, and political history across the late nineteenth, twentieth and early twenty first centuries in its analysis of the factors influencing the Republic of Azerbaijan as well as the neighboring states. These elements continually interacted with the process of industrial production and political economy that defined the place and period

This paper argues that the approach to the solution of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the role of key players and institutions in this since 1989, in particular of the OSCE Minsk group, was wrong. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe or the OSCE Minsk Group, which includes Russia and the US, has not been able to resolve the dispute. The study has examined and argues that the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is not the conflict which could be solved by the considering the dilemma: territorial integrity against the right to self-determination. It is not a dilemma under International Law. In order to better align with international law, the request by Nagorno-Karabakh for annexation with Armenia was dropped in favour of the call for self-determination (Kurubas 2011: 52). The conflict could not be ended by the mediation of the Minsk group for the peaceful solution while considering the issue as the dilemma and the two parties had not been closer to a resolution and the Nagorno-Karabakh region remained in limbo for 28 years. An International Law perspective must be implied on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, however, the right to self-determination does not automatically mean the right to secession, or the right to establish one's own state

This work is about the relationship between the West (the Occident) and what is called the Orient, where the Orient is a counter-relation to the West and is painted as "the other". At the same time, the people who live in these areas become "the others", or "the other". This in turn leads to misconceptions being created and to the Orient being seen as something mysterious, exotic, or inferior, according to Edward W. Said (1978). In addition, the image of the Orient has been produced as an opposite characterized by backwardlooking in comparison with the "modern" West (1978:3-5). The results show that when the periods Antiquity up to and including the Middle Ages are treated, the textbooks have a relative nuanced description of the Middle East. Further the Middle East is presented not only as a material part of the "West", but also as one fundamental part of future development. The negative aspects that are expressed can also weighed against a comparable negative side of the "West", for example regarding the Arabs the conquests versus the Crusades. On the other hand, Islam and Christianity are portrayed as great ideological enemies, with a clear geographical demarcation through the Mediterranean and strengthens the image of "east" and "west" as incompatible. By generalizing about the majority population in the Middle East as Arabs and highlight the religion of Islam as one opposite to Western secularism when contemporary history is dealt with in textbooks they emphasize "Arabs" and Islam, or religious in general, as the other.