Introduktion: I en försämrad global situation blir den civila sjukvårdens beredskap inför väpnade konflikter avgörande. Sjuksköterskor med eller utan specialistutbildning är ofta bland de första att bevittna hot och våld mot sjukvården. Därför är det av yttersta vikt att sjuksköterskor har kunskap om internationell humanitär rätt (IHL) för att fullt ut förstå sina rättigheter och skyldigheter i samband med väpnad konflikt.

Syfte: Undersöka i vilken utsträckning sjuksköterskeutbildningarna på grundläggande och avancerad nivå i Sverige bedriver utbildning i IHL

Metod: En enkät skickades i november 2023 till alla de lärosäten i Sverige som erbjuder grund- och specialistutbildningar för sjuksköterskor (n=25). Enkäten bestod av 9 frågor relaterade till grundläggande kunskaper om IHL.

Resultat: 18 av 25 lärosäten besvarade enkäten och förekomst av utbildning var enligt följande:

• Den civila sjukvårdens beredskap och organisation vid väpnad konflikt/krig (n=4)

• Grundprinciperna som finns i IHL (n=2)

• Relationen mellan IHL och de mänskliga rättigheterna (n=2)

• Vilka skyddade personalkategorier det finns i ett krig enligt IHL (n=2)

• Sjukvården och IHL (n=2)• Vilka skyddssymboler som finns och vad de avser att skydda (n=2)

• Hur krig får föras och vilka vapen som får användas (n=1)

• Konventioner till skydd för krigets offer (n=1)

• Vad som händer när IHL kränks (n=1)

Konklusion: Resultatet tyder på att utbildningen brister när det gäller att förbereda blivande sjuksköterskor på grundläggande och avancerad nivå att förstå sina rättigheter och skyldigheter i samband med väpnad konflikt.

Referenser

Blanchet, K., et al., Have attacks on healthcare become the new normal? a public health call to action for armed conflicts before it is too late. Conflict and health, 2023. 17(1): p. 56.

Sassòli, M. and P.S. Nagler, International humanitarian law: rules, controversies, and solutions to problems arising in warfare. 2019, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

SOU (2022). Hälso- och sjukvårdens beredskap – struktur för ökad förmåga. Slutbetänkande av utredningen om hälso- och sjukvårdens beredskap (2022:6). Regeringskansliet

Introduktion: Sjuksköterskor har en nyckelroll i beredskapen för och vården av patienter under katastrofmedicinska insatser. I Sverige har händelseförloppet de senaste åren, till exempel gängkriminalitet, terrorattentat, covid 19-pandemin och Rysslands fullskaliga invasion av Ukraina ökat uppmärksamheten på sjuksköterskors kompetens att möta olika typer av katastrofer. År 2022 presenterade Socialstyrelsen en rapport där de beskrev detaljerade kunskaps- och färdighetsmål för utbildningar och övningar i katastrofmedicin. Samtidigt visar en nyligen publicerad svensk studie att sjuksköterskestudenter uppfattar sig ha otillräckliga kunskaper i katastrofmedicin.

Syfte: Undersöka i vilken utsträckning sjuksköterskeutbildningarna på grundläggande och avancerad nivå i Sverige bedriver utbildning i katastrofmedicinsk beredskap och civilt försvar.

Metod: En enkät skickades i november 2023 till alla de lärosäten i Sverige som erbjuder grund- och specialistutbildningar för sjuksköterskor (n=25). Enkäten bestod av 29 frågor relaterade till de kunskaps- och färdighetsmål för utbildning och övning i katastrofmedicin som Socialstyrelsen angett ut.

Resultat: 18 av 25 lärosäten besvarade enkäten och förekomst av utbildning var enligt följande:

• Sortering och prioritering av personer på skadeplats (n=16) eller på sjukhus (n=15)

• Sjukvårdens organisation och ledning på skadeplats/ sjukhus (n=15)

• Bedömning och omhändertagande av personer som utsatts för högenergetiskt våld (n=11)

• Principerna för sjukvård under höjd beredskap och krig (n=9)

• Sjukvårdens roll i totalförsvaret (n=5)

• Försvarsmaktens sjukvårdsorganisation och dess funktion vid väpnad konflikt/krig (n=2)

Konklusion: Resultatet tyder på att den utbildning som ges främst fokuserar på akutvård under normalförhållanden. Däremot brister utbildningen när det gäller att förbereda blivande sjuksköterskor på grundläggande och avancerad nivå att möta samt hantera situationer som inryms inom det civila försvaret.

ReferenserSocialstyrelsen. (2022). Nationella utbildnings- och övningsplaner för katastrofmedicinsk beredskap och civilt försvar samt nationell samordning av utbildning och övning. Redovisning av regeringsuppdraget S2021/02922

Robinson et al. (2023) Teaching extent and military service improve undergraduate selfassessed knowledge in disaster medicine: An online survey study among Swedish medical and nursing students. Front. Public Health 11:1161114.

Andersson et al. (2024). Are you ready: disaster response in nursing education: a cross‑sectional survey among Swedish universities and university colleges. Discover Health Systems 3:74

Background: The healthcare sector has a negative ecological impact, and intensive care is one of the most resource-consuming areas. Nurses have a duty to contribute to climate change reduction, design climate-resilient healthcare systems, and support individuals and communities in adapting to the effects of the planetary health crisis. It is essential to incorporate environmental sustainability into nursing education so that nurses can advocate for conscientious and ethically sustainable healthcare that benefits both patients and the planet. This study aimed to explore postgraduate intensive care nursing student experiences of environmental sustainability in clinical practice at intensive care units.

Methods: Data were collected using a qualitative questionnaire, and the data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The participants were 24 registered nurses studying postgraduate, specialist intensive care nursing courses at four universities in the south and west regions of Sweden.

Results: The results describe critical care students’ environmental sustainability experiences in one overarching theme with five subthemes. Intensive care is a challenging context in terms of sustainability, where saving lives is the number one priority. There were good and bad sustainability habits among the staff, and awareness was key to improving. Clinical supplies come in unsustainable packages, and the participants wished for better alternatives and they wanted more knowledge and education on sustainable practices. The findings also emphasized the importance of a holistic perspective throughout each patient’s pathway.

Conclusions: Sustainability in intensive care units is somewhat unrecognised today, although intensive care nurses want that to change. The context where saving lives is prioritized makes implementing ecologically responsible practices a challenge. However, environmental sustainability in intensive care is feasible, with education needed for nurses to take on the responsibility of making improvements. Hospital management prioritizing sustainability is also important to support clinicians in implementing sustainable practices in intensive care units.

This study investigates the differences in usability between AI-generated websites and human-created websites, focusing on pragmatic and hedonic attributes. The research compares two websites: one generated by the Wix AI website builder and one created by human designers, both adhering to identical specifications. A survey was administrated to eight participants to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative analysis evaluates the websites’ usability using The System Usability Scale (Brooke, 1995), while the qualitative analysis examines users’ emotional reactions based on the Framework of Product Experience (Desmet & Hekkert, 2007). The results indicate that the perceived usability and emotional reactions was more favorable for the human-created website. Additionally, the findings suggest that while AI can enhance efficiency and innovation in web design, it raises concerns about its ability to meet user expectations without human intervention. These findings provide valuable insights for designers, developers and businesses considering AI tools for web creation, highlighting potential benefits and challenges in achieving optimal user experiences

This study is a case study of rational, emotional, and transactional content on an Instagram account. The primary purpose of the study is to investigate which type of content generates high user engagement on Instagram and how it can be linked to information architecture. The study is based on previous research that shows rational content generally tends to engage the most on social media. The methods used in the study included categorizing posts on an Instagram account and conducting a survey among respondents. The survey experiment was analyzed using a MaxDiff analysis to observe and understand users preferences in relation to the different types of content. The results showed that transactional content engages the users most, which contradicts the previous research. This means that users tend to react most positively to content that conveys fact-based arguments and functional benefits. The conclusion is that companies should be aware of which type of content engages the most on Instagram in order to interact and build a good relationship with their followers. To create a functional information architecture, it is important to understand how users and content interact with each other on social media platforms. This study helps illuminate this interaction by linking content types with the information architecture model. By understanding user preferences, companies can tailor their content to increase engagement.

In this paper, we look at the role of the library and the librarian within fantasy literature for children by doing a thematic analysis and using Michael Gorman’s (2015) eight common principles of librarianship as a theoretical framework. These principles are; stewardship, service, intellectual freedom, rationalism, literacy and learning, equity of access, privacy and democracy. In total, we have read and analyzed eight fantasy books for children between the ages of six through twelve. We have summarized the empirical material from our books in three overarching themes that are built on Michael Gorman’s eight principles. These three different themes are as follows. Service-Oriented Steward of Information or Misleading Spreader of Disinformation, Inclusive and Welcoming or Exclusive with Strict Rules, and Moral and Trustworthy or Corrupt Villain. We have discussed our results with the help of literary descriptions within the fantasy genre to better understand the fantasy world as well as compared our findings with Gorman’s principles. Our conclusions show that the majority of the librarians and the libraries in our fantasy books work according to Gorman’s eight principles.

By whom, and how, shall a library’s resources be chosen and described? How do these choices relate to society? These questions in relation to Swedish public libraries constitute the essay's theoretical basis and its starting point. As the above-mentioned dilemmas are both timeless and, in relation to society, changeable, contemporary library projects aimed at developing Swedish public libraries have been analyzed. In this essay documentation from projects as part of the Swedish Arts Council’s program “Strengthened Libraries” has been analyzed. The aim is to investigate how and in what way Swedish public libraries express awareness of the dilemma of choice in contemporary project activities. Questions of how choices are justified, if power is shared and how the library’s societal and democratic mission is described, are questions that have been analyzed. Results show that none of the projects have sought to develop or change existing principles for knowledge organization. Project activities relating to the library's services, and to increase the citizens' trust in the library as such, the libraries have sought external impressions from citizens as well as external organizations. The libraries have also invited citizens and external organizations to provide views on existing operations. To a very little extent the libraries, however, have shared power over project decisions.

Like skeletal muscles having a fibrous structure, conducting polymers can actuate upon electrical stimulation and can be shaped into fibers. Through textile assembly strategies of such fibers, complex actuating architectures are possible. However, state-of-the-art strategies using short pieces of yarn, which compel manual integration, are not fully taking advantage of textiles. To manufacture actuating textiles that best exploit textile properties like softness and pliability, and to enable production upscaling, a production of continuous, actuating fibers is presented here. These fibers are produced from commercial polyamide 6/6 filaments by first continuously dip-coating in a modified commercial poly(3,4−ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) dispersion before the electropolymerization of polypyrrole (PPy), where the fibers are withdrawn continuously through an electrolyte solution containing the pyrrole monomer. By employing a cyclic dip-coating with individual viscosity, drying temperature, and withdrawal speed for each layer, and by adjusting the tension, speed, and applied potential of the electropolymerization, their isotonic strain is enhanced threefold. Their specific tension, at 400 µN tex⁻¹, reaches slightly higher than human skeletal muscle fibers. Furthermore, these continuous actuating fibers produced on the meter are processable in an industrial knitting machine. This study anchors the development of textile muscle fibers for future textile muscles.

In the wake of climate change and resource scarcity, circularity in textiles is getting all the more relevant for both consumers and producers. However, with clothing-to-clothing recycling representing less than 1 % of the total textile clothing production (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2017) the existence of obstacles in obtaining circularity is definite. Being one of the most popular natural fibre types, the interest for high quality regenerated wool fibres has been growing. To satisfy this interest and improve circularity in the clothing industry, companies Südwolle, Filippa K, Woolpower and Paulo di Oliviera paired up with Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) in order to form the project Closed-Loop Recycling of Wool/Synthetic Blend Textiles (CROW). In conjunction with CROW RISE requested the study, Avfärga ull med hjälp av DMSO (De-dyeing wool by means of DMSO), conducted by Amanda Hahlin, Amanda Ramsmo, and one of the authors of this thesis, Ingeborg Martinsson, in order find a process to remove of dye from wool. They found a successful process using Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Ammonia. The removal of dyestuff prior to regeneration is well documented in relation to cellulosic regeneration (Mistra), but much less so for keratinous (wool protein) dissolution and regeneration. In this study clarity is sought on the role of the chemical dedyeing process, as well as the degree of colour loss, on the mechanical properties of an acid dyed wool yarn. Likewise on impact on the solution of the same yarn in preparation for regenerating. This will be explored through dye removal using DMSO and ammonia, dissolution via DMSO and ionic liquid solvent, regeneration through solubility reduction and measurements of mechanical properties as well as colour change through tensile testing, microscopy, and spectrophotometry. By delving into novel methods of dye removal we hope this study may lead to new possibilities in the circularity of wool. 

In today’s society there is a growing interest and demand for more environ-mentally friendly alternatives, especially for the textile industry. The textile industry is the industry today that has one of the largest environmental im-pacts when it comes to production and waste, which makes the demand for more environmentally friendly alternatives highly relevant. Denim is a classic garment that was first introduced in 1873 and is a garment that has no limitation of seasons. Denim is well known for its indigo-blue cot-ton in its warp and undyed cotton in its weft. Cotton is the leading fibre used for denim products and there’s an interest to find an alternative for the cotton fibre in several contexts due to the fibres high energy- and water consumption for denim production. This study look into if 50:50 hemp/cotton yarn could be an alternative to denim to minimize the use of cotton. The study will look into the possibility of dyeing hemp/cotton yarn with natural indigo in connection with scouring as a pre-treatment. Furthermore, the study will look into how the characteristics of the yarn changes when being scoured conventionally, scoured in an ultrasonic bath with conventional chemicals, as well as scouring in an ultrasonic bath without any chemicals. To evaluate if the different processes the yarns went through had an effect on the yarns, tensile testing, twist testing and color fastness to rubbing was con-ducted. Additionally, to evalue the results an one-way ANOVA was done to see if the chemicals used had an effect on the twist of the yarns. Conclusion of the study showed that the use of ultrasound assisted pre-treatment for 50:50 hemp/cotton blended yarns showed good results during the mechanical tests, as well as color fastness to rubbing. Compared to the conventionally scoured yarns, no significant differences in results could be apparent. Additionally, the study also shows that the yarns can be dyed with natural indigo, without having to go through a bleaching process. 

This thesis presents a comparative analysis of visual material in activity reports using artificial intelligence to explore visual themes and trends over time. The study examines how images are utilized across various companies within the financial and real estate sectors to communicate sustainability initiatives and practices. By applying AI-based image recognition tools the research identifies common patterns, themes and shifts in visual representation strategies. Our findings reveal that companies increasingly employ visual elements to enhance their sustainability narratives. This strategic use of imagery helps align corporate communications with sustainability goals and influences stakeholder perceptions and brand image. The thesis highlights differences in the application of visual content between sectors suggesting a nuanced approach to visual communication in corporate reporting. The use of AI in analyzing visual data provided a robust methodology for detecting subtle and overt trends that might be overlooked through conventional analysis methods. This approach has enabled a detailed understanding of the role of visuals in enhancing the clarity impact and reception of corporate activity reports. 

In recent years, companies have come under pressure from society, investors and other stakeholders. They have caused the companies to publish sustainability reports in response to the pressure and to show that they are transparent. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a central strategy for companies to meet these demands and increase legitimacy in society. The purpose of the study is to investigate how companies use sustainability reporting to maintain legitimacy with their stakeholders and to analyze how sustainability reporting has developed from a legitimacy perspective from 2015 to 2023 at two-year intervals. A number of theoretical frameworks are used, including legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory, to analyze how companies report their sustainability efforts. Legitimacy theory emphasizes the importance of companies meeting societal expectations in order to gain acceptance from their environment, while stakeholder theory emphasizes the need to satisfy the demands and expectations of various stakeholders. The analysis shows that all three companies have a strong commitment to sustainable development, with investments in renewable energy and social projects aimed at supporting local communities. In conclusion, sustainability reports prove to be a powerful tool for companies to demonstrate responsibility and meet societal expectations. By reporting their efforts in social, environmental and financial sustainability, companies can strengthen their legitimacy with stakeholders. The essay is written in Swedish. 

Currently, the Swedish krona is weak in comparison to dollar and the euro. The consequences of a weak krona will increase exports and decrease imports, this is because it becomes more expensive to import from abroad. Macroeconomic events can explain the weakening of the krona, as can inflation. This contributes to increasing import prices which puts import companies in a very difficult situation. The increase in costs makes it difficult for import companies to maintain their margins, and the cost increases can end up on the end customer. However, this is more complex than that. The competitive situation is affected if prices increase, and purchasing power may decrease. This makes it difficult for import companies to retain their customers. Companies that trade abroad, either through exports or imports, are exposed to currency risks. This can be handled through various types of currency hedging or agreements. The overall purpose of this study is to investigate what happens in Swedish importfirms when the Swedish krona depreciates. The study also examines whether branch and size have an effect on whether import companies have a currency win or loss. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method with an abductive approach based on previous theory has been chosen. Eleven semi-interviews have been conducted with respondents from different companies and industries. The respondents are divided into experts and respondents with different positions from import - and exportfirms. The results of the study find that Swedish importfirms are affected very differently depending on size and branch. Larger companies can manage currency risks better but are more exposed, while smaller companies lack resources for risk management and can suffer large losses. Smaller companies find it difficult to adjust prices when purchasing costs rise, leading to pressure on margins, price increases or cuts in other costs. Generally, all importing companies face challenges with pricing due to the competitive situation and potentially reduced consumer purchasing power. Despite this, a weak krona can in the long-term benefit Sweden's economy through increased exports and demand for domestic goods. The language of the study is in Swedish. 

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to gain an insight into how users interpret two website cookie interfaces with a primarily nudging and primarily misleading design, how users experience the findability of information in cookie interfaces, and how the results from a content analysis compare to users personal experiences in the chosen interfaces. Theories of dark patterns, usability, information architecture and nudging were utilised throughout the thesis and a comparative design was the base of the investigation, in combination with elements of qualitative and quantitative research. The methodology included content analysis, usability tests, semi structured interviews and a thematic analysis. The results from the content analysis were used to secure both a website with primarily nudging qualities and one with primarily misleading qualities for the usability testing. Users did not report any notable differences between the cookie interfaces with nudging or misleading design, rather both interfaces performed as well as the other, with users reporting mixed opinions in regards to the four themes identified for the thematic analysis: usability, findability, personal experiences and their usual habits when interacting with cookie interfaces. The results are discussed with regards to principles of dark patterns, usability and findability of cookie interfaces. Research questions were able to be answered through the results; however, a comparison between the users' perceptions of the nudging and misleading websites was not possible. An interesting direction for future research could include investigating the potential impact mobile cookie interfaces have in users engagement when compared to a desktop interface. 

Swedish e-commerce has experienced exponential growth, bringing new challenges in user interaction and consumption behavior. Despite Sweden's leading position in e-commerce, digitalization, sustainability and innovation, the issue of increasing dark patterns on e-commerce platforms persists. Dark patterns are manipulative design tactics used to increase consumption by encouraging impulse purchases and hiding important information from consumers. Research shows that users are somewhat aware of dark patterns but lack a full understanding of their impact. 

This study aims to investigate users' experiences of sustainability communication and ethical stances on fashion platforms, as well as how purchasing behavior is influenced by dark patterns. By analyzing users' attitudes and behaviors and identifying trends in the use of dark patterns, the study seeks to enhance understanding of users' interactions on e-commerce fashion platforms. The study was conducted through a content analysis of 15 websites and an online survey of 75 respondents.

Results show that 85 % of respondents feel influenced by dark patterns, and 93 % of these indicate they have made impulse purchases or bought more than planned after exposure. While the majority consider sustainability communication important, just over 50 % rarely engage with sustainability information before purchasing. Additionally, 54 % believe transparency about the production chain builds brand trust. The study concludes that while dark patterns can drive short-term sales, they undermine long-term consumer trust and sustainability goals. By highlighting these issues, we aim to promote more sustainable and responsible e-commerce practices in the fashion industry.

Our study aims to research the capabilities of young adults to identify dark patterns, which are manipulative design strategies. The focus is on e-commerce. Additionally, the study seeks to explore whether demographic factors, specifically gender, impact the ability to identify dark patterns. Our theoretical framework is based on Mathur et al.'s (2019) classification of dark patterns and Kahneman's dual-process theory (Kannengiesser & Gero, 2019). This framework is used to explore how young adults can identify dark patterns and how these design strategies potentially exploit cognitive biases. A quantitative methodology was utilized, including surveys to collect data from young adults. In addition to surveys, we used content analysis to find dark patterns on a selection of e-commerce websites. These dark patterns were then included in the survey. The survey was distributed across various channels, such as university programs and Facebook-groups. The results show insights into the frequency and types of dark patterns encountered by the study participants. The most identified dark pattern in our study was Forced Enrolment and the least identified dark pattern was Trick Question. In addition, our results show that both male and female participants were able to detect dark patterns to a varying degree. However, we could not arrive at a definitive conclusion, whether gender has an impact on the ability to identify dark patterns. Based on the results, two hypotheses were formulated. Future research is required to test our findings, and to further investigate various variables that could impact the capabilities of young adults to identify dark patterns.

With the rapid digitalization, websites, applications, and social media have become central sources of news. At the same time, the media habits of young adults have changed, with social media now dominating as the primary channel for news. Their expectations for the news experience have also evolved; they seek easily accessible, tailored, and interactive news content, which poses new challenges for news producers and UX designers. In a time when young people often avoid traditional news sources, public service media (PSM) are striving to attract them to their platforms. Successfully engaging and retaining this audience requires news platforms to adapt to their expectations by developing both interface and content.

The purpose of this study is to examine how hedonic aspects related to UX design affect the user experience of young adults using news platforms. This is achieved through qualitative research using semi-structured interviews as well as a content analysis of SVT Nyheter Vast's website focusing on hedonic aspects of UX. The results indicate that SVT Nyheter Vast primarily focuses on hedonic aspects such as stimulation and aesthetics. Instead, the participants emphasize the importance of recognition and prefer news sources with a clear local focus, which feels more relevant and engaging to their everyday lives.

The result of the study may indicate that the hedonic aspects of identification and stimulation may have the greatest impact when it comes to user experience of young adults on various news platforms.

The aim of this master's thesis is to contribute knowledge on how the ideal applicant is constructed through subjective qualifications requested in job advertisements targeting public librarians, and how these constructions relate to a broader societal context. The empirical material consists of 40 job advertisements published online between December 2023 and February 2024, and is analysed using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and his three-dimensional model. The research questions, formulated in accordance with the dimensions text, discursive practice, and social practice, are: What personal qualities are requested in the advertisements and how are these expressed linguistically? What discourses are manifested through the subjective qualifications requested in today’s job advertisements? And: How can these discourses be understood in relation to contemporary demands and expectations on the profession? 

The textual analysis shows that the ideal applicant is constructed through a broad range of subjective qualifications, often expressed with a high degree of obligation. Five discourses underpinning these qualifications were identified: the relational discourse, the structure-oriented discourse, the development-oriented discourse, the pedagogical discourse, and the monitoring discourse. The results of the discursive practice analysis imply that the discourses are influenced by external texts, indicating a significant intertextual presence in the material. Lastly, the results from the social practice analysis indicate that the discourses correspond to different social, economic, digital, and ideological factors surrounding the profession. A notable result is that both the relational discourse and structure-oriented discourse can be seen as dominant, suggesting that the public librarian is positioned between two conflicting ideologies.

We are currently experiencing a global environmental crisis where our waste culture and overproduction is leading to huge irreversible damage to our planet and ecosystems. This is particularly evident in both the textile and polymer sectors. The purpose of this research was to explore the potential of combining textile fibers with polymers to recycle used textiles and reduce polymer production. Polypropylene (PP) and a biopolymer called M-VERA were mixed with polyester and cotton. The resulting blends were processed using a micro compounder and injection molded into test specimens, which were then subjected to tensile and impact tests. The mixture of PP and textile fibers mixed smoothly during injection molding, but M-VERA with a higher cotton content did not melt together properly to form test specimens. The results suggest that certain combinations of textile fibers with PP and MVERA have potential for future applications, although challenges remain with high cotton content. Another challenge is that the mechanical properties deteriorated for most of the mixtures, with the exception of M-VERA combined with polyester, where the results showed an improvement. These findings could lead to new methods for recycling textiles and polymers.

This study explores integrating generative AI to enhance citation context typing. Using Claude LLM, we generate synthetic data aligned with the Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO) to train a classifier. This supervised learning experiment involves training a classifier to identify citation types using this synthetic data. We evaluate the classifier’s performance on uncategorised citation statements. Additionally, we extend our analysis to test the classifier trained on English language citation context statements on statements extracted from Swedish and German research publications. A novel aspect of this work lies in the fusion of bibliometrics and experimental work in semantic modelling, employing language models to train machine learning models for research content evaluation. While acknowledging the inherent limitations of machine learning algorithms, we propose further testing using real-time scenarios and human evaluators. This study aims to push the boundaries of research methodology by integrating generative AI beyond text generation into the research process itself.

This thesis aims to analyze public librarians' experiences of weeding in a Swedish public library organization that uses logistics systems for circulation, such as centralized acquisitions, floating collections and intelligent distribution algorithms (IMMS). The theoretical framework is influenced by institutional theory and previous studies of weeding in libraries. The study explores how public librarians describe and motivate their weeding decisions, relating it to overlapping institutional logics. The researchers conducted interviews with seven public librarians working in Gothenburg. Thematic analysis was used to identify relevant themes from the data, resulting in the description of five overlapping institutional logics of weeding in the organization: physical condition, availability & demand, reading promotion, quality & transfer of knowledge and mental shortcuts & professional discretion. The use of the logistics systems have resulted in an uneven distribution of material that also influences the librarians' perception and practice of weeding in their local branches. The results further show that the existing tools and guidelines in the organization are used as a complement to the librarians' own knowledge about the collection and that the weeding criteria and statistical tools do not apply to all weeding cases, causing professional dilemmas. 

This study analyses job advertisements for librarian professions in the USA and Germany as part of a quantitative study. The aim is to identify differences and similarities regarding the required training, knowledge, professional experience, and other requirements. At the same time, it is examined whether these requirements differ between the various types  of libraries and to what extent employees find different conditions concerning pay and security of employment. Job advertisements published on the job portals ALA JobLIST and OpenBiblioJobs in February and November 2023 served as the basic population. Subsequently, job advertisements that were not published by libraries, e.g. law firms, and that did not list library-related activities, e.g. janitor jobs, were sorted out. The remaining 210 job ads from the USA and 421 job ads from Germany were analysed. The results indicate considerable differences between the library systems in Germany and the USA. The most significant differences can be found in the possible and required education and issues such as pay, protection against dismissal, and the permanent or non-permanent nature of positions.

This paper presents a prototype aimed at enhancing the customer service workflow of Centiro Solutions, focusing on efficiently resolving incidents related to software products and services. Leveraging a Large Language Model (LLM), the prototype enhances information retrieval, problem-solving procedures, and communication alignment with company values. The design process involved an innovation sprint, a collaborative effort between industry and academia, employing methodologies like design-thinking and agile development. Evaluation results indicate several benefits, including cost reduction, improved customer service, and streamlined training for customer service technicians. The paper proposes four hypotheses for future research, including the integration of language models into workflows and the importance of user involvement in developing routines for utilizing language models effectively.

In several design science research (DSR) frameworks and methods, the need for generalising problemsand solutions has been emphasised. For example, various DSR studies present generalised designprinciples as nascent theories. Due to the creative and contextual nature of DSR, several scholars reportthat generalisation can be challenging. The challenge is particularly valid for single qualitative studiesbecause the design of an artefact always reflects the circumstances in the context where it is to be used.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present guidelines regarding generalisation. The suggestedguidelines are: strategically plan the generalisation process, validate the generalised knowledge toaugment the reusability and find an appropriate generalisation level. The formulation of the guidelinesis based on the analyses of three DSR projects and insights from previous knowledge. Our knowledgecontribution consists of prescriptive knowledge (guidelines) as a complement to existing explanativeand descriptive knowledge.

During the past two years, 2022 to 2024, Sweden has been affected by an interest rate increase. The reason for the interest rate increases was to try to prevent the increase in inflation. Given that there have been interest rate increases, several consumers have been affected as their borrowing costs have increased. The main language of this thesis is Swedish and the purpose is to investigate millennials' consumer behavior in connection with the interest rate increases that took place between 2022 and 2024. In order to fulfill the purpose of this study, there are five hypotheses and three research questions: “What impact have the high interest rates had on millennials´ green consumption, with special focus on organic and eco-friendly products?”, “What impact have the high interest rates had on millennials´s choice of necessities, with a special focus on food products and spending related to housing?” and “What impact have the high interest rates had on millennials´ choice of luxury goods, with particular focus on restaurant visits and air travel?”. The respective category was then examined to get answers to the purpose of the study. The research approach is quantitative and a web-survey was used for data collection. With the help of the survey, it was possible to create an understanding of how consumer behavior was affected by the interest rate increases. Based on what emerged from the completed survey, the results were then discussed together with contributions from previous research and theories, which gave a greater understanding of the subject. The results show that millennials' consumer behavior has not been affected by high interest costs in 2022 and 2024. Through the results of the study, it was found that, in contrast to our assumptions, the millennials did not reduce their consumption of green, necessities or luxury goods. Which may depend on various factors presented below under discussion and conclusion. The results are discussed in relation to general consumption theories. 

Pris, kvalitet och service utgör en av de viktigaste funktionerna till ett företags förmåga att konkurrera på marknaden och skapa positiva intryck hos konsumenterna. Den snabba utvecklingen inom informationstekniken har betydligt förändrat dessa aspekter, med kunder som nu förväntar sig kontinuerliga förbättringar. Med den växande mängden överflödig information som konsumenter utsätts för blir det alltmer viktigt att effektivt identifiera deras kunders individuella preferenser på en mer personlig nivå. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom ett fenomenografiskt perspektiv, undersöka hur en specifik grupp studenter uppfattar dessa aspekter. Denna analysmetod kommer att fokusera på den personliga upplevelsen och utifrån detta generera unika synsätt kring köpintresse. Studien omfattade totalt åtta svenska studenter som delades in i två fokusgrupper för att uppmuntra djupare reflektioner. Eftersom aspekterna täcker ett stort spektrum av produkter så sammanfattades intervjufrågorna till fyra produktkategorierna, vilket ansågs omfatta de största ekonomiska utgifterna för studenter. Alla intervjusvar analyserades för att främja det fenomenografiska perspektivet och sammanfattades sedan till utvalda svarskategorier. Genom att räkna hur ofta varje kategori användes av grupperna, kunde en hierarkisk uppdelning utföras som identifierade de mest förekommande synsätten. Forskningen antog en deduktiv ansats och genomfördes som en kvalitativ undersökning. Studien fann att det mest förekommande synsättet angående pris och kvalitet var att en högre kostnad gav bättre hållbarhet och användarupplevelse. Även om studenterna visade på en stark koppling mellan pris och kvalitet, var denna koppling mest framträdande för dyrare produkter. Åsikter med att betala ett lägre pris för sämre kvalitet relaterat till basprodukter var vanligt förekommande men hur detta kunde öka det totala värdet av en produkt var aldrig nämnt. Detta antyder brister i beslutsfattandet kring hög och låg produktkvalitet där man är villig att kompromissa det långsiktiga värdet av en produkt utifrån kortsiktiga besparingar. En majoritet av studenterna såg service som en viktig funktion för att få hjälp genom vänlig interaktion. Trots detta var den övergripande viljan att ta del av generell service låg där många studenter föredrog i stället att genomföra all nödvändig forskning själv. Det självständiga förhållningssättet till service ansågs vara en konsekvens av bristande kompetens och förtroende kring servicepersonal. Studenternas syn på bekvämligheten med e-handel och dess fördelar identifieras även som en bidragande faktor som ökat behovet av självständig service. Fysiska butiker upplevs ofta som tidskrävande och ansträngande, vilket reducerar benägenheten att använda service genom butik.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether implementation of digital technology in professional organizations is more a challenge of leadership or digital expertise. A qualitative study of the educational institution “University of Borås”. The study conducted a comprehensive examination of the university's four academies to address its purpose.The study's findings suggest that the implementation of digital technology is more of a leadership challenge than a digital challenge. 

Abstract Transfer fees in football have increased significantly over many years, and so far, we have not seen any reversal in that trend. This applies not least in Swedish men’s football, where in recent years there have been several high-profile transfers where the sums paid have been high compared to before. The wonder of what it is that actually affects how large the transfer fees become stronger for the authors and becomes the basis for this study Purpose The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of which components affect the economic value of a football player. The study illuminates the underlying components of the transfer fee that will be accepted of both the selling and buying part. Hopefully this study can contribute to a bigger interest in the components that affect the valuation of a football player. Method This study follows a qualitative method, where semi-structured interviews have been the source of the empirical evidence provided. The selection has been limited to people whose profession involves player transfers with connections to the Allsvenskan, the highest football division in Sweden. The empirical data collected has been processed using a thematic analysis to highlight important parts of the interviews. The analysis was then made based on the theoretical frame of reference presented in the study. Conclusion At the end of this study, we come to the conclusion that the path to an established transfer fee is very complex. It partly consists of the player's characteristics and how this information is valued by the club, it also depends on how the supply and demand for players looks. Not least it depends on how the selling and buying club act during the negotiations. It could for example be about which tactics the buying club uses during a bidding process. 

This essay is a depiction between private and municipal assistance. The purpose of the survey is to find out how the private and municipal assistance companies work and manage their operations based on quality. We have obtained our data collection through interviews with eight people, four of whom are users and four are employees. We have chosen to interview people in both the private and municipal sectors. Our choice of respondents is to obtain information both from an employee's perspective and from a user's perspective about the operations.

The entire world was affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, where many were forced to distance themselves from others, a phenomenon also observed among companies. Even today, four years later, traces of this can still be seen in the work of companies. This is evidenced by the increased adoption of hybrid work following the pandemic period, during which they were more compelled to utilize it. The purpose of this study is to investigate, from the perspective of middle managers, how efficiency is affected in a hybrid work setup. Furthermore, the current work structure and the reasons behind their choice are examined. Despite opting for a hybrid work approach, there is still a greater focus on being present in the office, the more traditional way of working. Using a qualitative data collection method and an inductive approach, responses were gathered through interviews to address the study’s objectives. The interviews involved various middle managers from different companies, including some from the textile industry and others from the banking and IT sectors. Subsequently, the collected empirical data was combined with relevant theoretical studies to draw conclusions. The results emerged from understanding how middle managers, who play a central role in the organization, perceive these changes. Through the interviews, it was demonstrated how middle managers strive to mediate between management and employees. They convey directives from management while still considering the opinions and welfare of their employees’ desire for remote work and the significance of company culture that management wishes to maintain. They have simply chosen to meet halfway, make compromises to satisfy employees. This is achieved through hybrid work and the attendance policy created in conjunction with it. Through this work structure, they have not noticed any significant impact on their efficiency, as they still spend more time working in the office than remotely. 

Issues regarding motivation and leadership in the workplace are highly relevant due to the significant problems and challenges present in today's society. This study investigates the manager’s role and way of motivating employees within the fashion retail industry. The study aims to understand how different leadership styles affect employee motivation and identify strategies managers use to create a motivating work environment. A abductive research approach with a combination of inductive interviewguide is followed by establishing a theoretical framework based on motivation and leadership theories. This framework guided the formulation of research questions and interview questions. The empirical material was collected through eight semi-structured interviews with store managers from various fashion retail companies. A thematic analysis was utilized in order to identify different themes and patterns. The findings reveal a variety of leadership styles used within the industry, including democratic, visionary, autocratic, coaching and transformational styles. Each style demonstrates distinct impacts on employee motivation and engagement. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting leadership styles to enhance motivation and performance in the retail workplace. It provides practical insights for managers to create a motivating work environment by integrating effective leadership styles. These findings are valuable for organizations aiming to improve their leadership strategies and cultivate a positive, motivated workforce. 

The requirements for corporate annual reports are constantly changing. The regulations for both financial and non-financial reporting are evolving and have become increasingly comprehensive over the years. This contributes to a greater availability of information and data for society. It also affects the Swedish banking sector, which must address environmental issues, meet requirements, and demonstrate social responsibility. This has become increasingly important as it influences consumers in their decision-making. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare how two selected banks, with different institutional conditions, prioritize and communicate sustainability initiatives and how they meet transparency and reporting requirements. This study is written in Swedish. Through a thematic analysis of the banks' sustainability reports for the financial years 2021-2023, the study aims to identify similarities and differences in their presentation of sustainability issues. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how Swedish banks handle and communicate their commitments to social responsibility and the environment, and provides insights into how they maintain and strengthen their legitimacy among stakeholders. The study employs a qualitative method as the basis for answering the research questions. The method used to compile the results has been a content analysis of annual reports and sustainability reports from the two banks for the financial years 2021-2023. The material has then been analyzed to identify patterns, themes, and differences in the banks' communication and priorities regarding sustainability engagement and social responsibility. Data collection for relevant legislation and scientific articles has been conducted to create an empirical foundation for the investigation. The study contributes to the research field of sustainability reporting by examining the information shared and the factors that have an impact. The study provides an insight into the Swedish banking sector, based on two banks selected for this study. The study's suggestions for further research aim to explore the new regulations and their impact on the banking sector. The EU regulations are still in an early implementation stage. Interpretations of the new regulations are being processed, and an established industry practice is currently under development. Due to this, there is room for investigation and implementation work for the Swedish banks affected by the new regulations. Concrete results in the form of annual reports where the new regulations have been implemented will be available for review only in 2025, making this a research area with good potential for further research in connection with the new directives in sustainability reporting.

This thesis aims to systematically review existing literature to explore the current state-of-the-art 3D printing techniques in the textile and fashion industries, with a focus on sustainability. The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how 3D printing is transforming these sectors, emphasizing innovative practices and sustainable solutions enabled by this technology. Using a systematic review approach, the thesis examines existing research on the applications of 3D printing in fashion and textiles, particularly focusing on sustainability aspects. Additionally, it conducts a SWOT analysis of two brands employing 3D printing. The findings reveal a gap in systematic reviews, with limited attention given to 3D printing in these industries. It discusses the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing on sustainability, including economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and highlights innovative projects like Modeclix and DefeXtiles as examples of 3D printing's potential for sustainable textile production despite challenges. Despite some drawbacks, 3D printing technology offers numerous advantages, positioning it as a strategic step towards sustainable development in the industry.

Purpose: Previous research describes that many companies face challenges when it comes to implementing new circular materials. These challenges may be due to a lack of support in collaboration and relationships with other companies, especially when it comes to the introduction of a new material that has so far only been used by a few companies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how external relationships influence an implementation of circular materials in the textile market.

Theoretical perspective: To fulfill the purpose, the business network perspective and the ARA model has been used, which stands for actors, resources and activities. The business network is used to map and analyze the relationships and connections that affect companies' opportunities to implement and utilize circular technology. The ARA model is used to show how actors, resources and activities interact in a business network structure and creates value in the implementation of circular materials.

Methodology: The study uses a qualitative method based on the case company Renewcell and an investigation of their Circulos® technology. A single case study based on observations and document analysis has been conducted to collect empirical material from the media archive, news articles and annual reports from the company. The documents have then been analyzed with the help of ARA to find how external relationships influence the implementation of circular materials.

Findings: The result provides insights into how external relationships make a difference in terms of implementing circular materials, specifically how investors and owners, customers, suppliers and intermediaries, trust capital, recycled materials and capital investment, the push-pull strategy, risks and risk management and raising awareness among others are crucial as they have an impact on the implementation of circular materials. The results show that these external relationships are necessary to have in order to help make an implementation possible. Investors and owners, customers, suppliers and intermediaries are crucial in terms of working with other businesses that can help financially as well as collaboratively in order to get the word out about a new material. Without these factors, the work to implement circularity becomes more difficult.

Conclusion: The study contributes with knowledge about how important the external relationships investors and owners as well as customers, suppliers and intermediaries are the most important external relationships because they are the backbone of the company's operations. Without a strong supply chain and financial support, it is almost impossible to successfully implement and commercialize circular materials. The study offers insights into what specific types of relationships and collaborations that are most effective to promote circularity as well as what strategies can help build and strengthen these relationships in order to implement circular materials. Companies that actively work to promote circularity need to work closely with other actors to spread their knowledge and create an interest in circular solutions, in turn this can lead to more successful and faster implementations of circular solutions.

Limitations: The study is based on a case study, which makes the results difficult to generalize as it only collects data about one single company.

Future studies: The result showed that the fashion industry needs to rely on external relationships in order to implement circular solutions such as circular materials in order to reduce environmental impact. Future research can investigate how these external relationships can be strengthened and leveraged to scale up the implementation of circular materials within larger parts of the fashion industry. 

Introduction (and aim): The thesis aims to deepen the understanding of Augmented Reality (AR) within the construction sector during the production phase. By exploring how AR technology can be utilized in this stage, the study intends to analyze its use and potential. The work particularly focuses on identifying and evaluating potential barriers that may limit the spread of AR in construction companies, as well as examining the relationship between AR technology and the physical reality.

Method: The study is based on a combination of literature reviews, interviews with professionals in the construction industry, and observations of the use of AR technology in practical contexts. These methods have been applied to gain an in-depth understanding of AR's potential and challenges within the construction industry, with a focus on the production phase.

Results: The study's results show that the use of Augmented Reality (AR) enhances both visualization and communication in construction projects. The technology enables detailed and interactive planning and execution. However, the research has identified certain shortcomings and challenges. High implementation costs, technical complexity, and a lack of standardization within the industry limit wider use of AR. Further technical development and training are required to reduce the knowledge gap and increase acceptance of the technology in the construction sector.

Analysis: The analysis of the collected data indicates that augmented reality (AR) can reduce error margins and improve collaboration through a more interactive and detailed view of the construction process. Technical and economic challenges such as high costs and complexity,along with the lack of standardization in the industry, appear as significant obstacles. Additional research and development within the technology are required. Extensive training efforts are also necessary to effectively integrate AR technology into the workflows of the construction industry.

Discussion: The discussion addresses the technical and operational challenges associated with Augmented Reality (AR) technology. It is emphasized that further research and development are needed to bridge the gap between technical potential and practical application. The discussion also considers how AR can lead to significant changes in future workflows within the construction industry.

Conclusion: AR offers promising opportunities for the construction industry but requires focused efforts in technical development and user training to fully realize its potential. 

Background: The Emergency department's goal is to provide good care and health, on equal terms for all. The Emergency nurses' work tasks are to identify life threatening conditions, assess and treat patients and assess patients' need of care. The work environment in the Emergency department is challenging, which demands a high standard for the Emergency nurses. The increasing population leads to an increased need for emergency care. The rising demand of emergency care leads to higher workload and more stress on the Emergency nurses, which affects the care they are able to give. Aim: To explore how the work environment in the emergency department affects the emergency nurse's care. Method: Integrative literature study. Result: The work environment's effects on caring were divided into two themes. The psychosocial work environments affect and the physical work environments effects on caring. The theme psychosocial work environment describes job satisfaction, social support, staff turnover, leaderships effects on caring and the emergency departments challenging work environment. Under the theme of physical work environment, it is highlighted how the workload, the lack of resources and the Emergency departments challenging environment affect the care the Emergency nurses are able to give. Conclusion: The work environment in the Emergency department affects the Emergency nurses' caring. Both positive through job satisfaction, social support and support from the leadership. And negatively because of the high workload, limit edresources and high staff turnover.

The present research aims to explore the creation of cutting principles to deconstruct garment expressions. These principles alter each garment’s form and function and subsequently, question how we dress. This thesis contributes to recent academic and practice-based attempts at redesigning discarded garments or materials, however, it chooses to focus on the opportunity of transforming these garments into multi-wearable pieces, that can have an interchangeable form based on how the wearer decides to enter the garment. With these design objects, I question current fashion design processes, by mixing both digital and physical unconventional pattern-making methods, that help me deal with the finite nature of my resources while still respecting the material’s intrinsic value. In the development chapter, I dive into how I sourced my materials and created a garment library, where I have an initial register of the shape and dimensions of each piece. Followed by how I proceeded to create a streamlined design processed, that allowed me to generate multiple designs digitally, through CLO3D, without generating any physical waste and risking losing a garment unnecessarily. I dive into the thought process behind the creation of each final garment, by explaining what were my set goals for that garment archetype are and how I apply each line composition to achieve a specific expression. At last, I proceed to comment on the final 16 design objects and their ever-expanding layering and wearing possibilities and how this design process opens up immense opportunities to explore numerous garment archetypes, various of which couldn’t be integrated into this research due to time constraints. 

Hur massmedia framställer förlossningsvården tycks vara faktorer som påverkar vilka föreställningar och förväntningar som kvinnan har på sin förlossning. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att den medikaliserade förlossningsvården är den som syns mest i massmedia. Barnmorskan bör vara medveten om hur massmedia framställer förlossningsvården för att ha förståelse och vara ett stöd för kvinnan samt främja förlossningsvården utifrån kvinnocentrerad vård. Mer kunskap behövs om hur massmedia framställer förlossningsvården i Sverige. Syftet med studien är att sammanställa hur massmedia framställer förlossningsvård i Sverige via webbaserade nyhetsartiklar publicerade 20230501–20240430 från fem av Sveriges största tidningar. För att svara på syftet har en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats använts. Datainsamlingen har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenteras utifrån det tema som framkom ur analysen; Splittrad, ojämlik förlossningsvård som präglas av maktstrukturer. Resultatet från studien bidrar med kunskap som barnmorskan kan ha för att utgöra ett stöd för kvinnan. Med kunskap om hur förlossningsvården i Sverige framställs via massmedia kan barnmorskan ha förståelse för vad kvinnan fått för kunskap via massmedia och vara ett stöd till kvinnan att värdera den kunskapen. Kunskap om hur massmedia framställer förlossningsvården i Sverige kan hjälpa barnmorskan att identifiera behov av vidare kunskap utifrån evidensbaserad information samt rådande riktlinjer. När tillräcklig, relevant, balanserad och evidensbaserad information finns tillgängligt ges förutsättningar för att kunna göra ett informerat val. Ett informerat val är en mänsklig rättighet och en central princip för kvinnocentrerad vård.

Ett stort antal patienter drabbas årligen av vårdskador i Sverige. Genom att använda evidensbaserade arbetssätt och kvalitetetsverktyg till exempel checklistor skulle en stor del av vårdskador och vårdlidande kunna undvikas. Inom intensivvården används ett flertal olika checklistor och forskning visar att de har en viktig uppgift men att sjuksköterskors följsamhet är varierande. Dessa checklistor bidrar med att säkerställa att moment inom vården utförs och inte utelämnas på grund av individuella orsaker. Syftet med studien var att undersöka specialistsjuksköterskans egenskattade följsamhet till den checklista som dagligen används inom intensivvårdsenheter samt identifiera faktorer som kunde påverka följsamheten. En enkätundersökning med kvantitativ design genomfördes och skickades ut till specialistsjuksköterskor inom fyra intensivvårdsenheter i Västra Götalandsregionen. Resultatet visade på en hög egenskattad följsamhet till checklistan. Signifikanta samband kunde identifieras med egenskattad följsamhet när det gällde introduktion och utbildningsnivå. Det framkom även signifikanta skillnader mellan de undersökta enheterna gällande om checklistan underlättade specialistsjuksköterskans arbete samt om alla delar av checklistan användes. Inga samband kunde påvisas mellan egenskattad följsamhet och ålder, yrkeserfarenhet eller specialistsjuksköterskans egen skattning av att arbeta evidensbaserat. Det finns begränsad forskning om påverkande faktorer till följsamheten till den dagliga checklistan. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att det behövs mer vårdvetenskaplig forskning för att djupare studera påverkande faktorerna och därigenom identifiera åtgärder gällande användandet av checklistan för att stärka specialistsjuksköterskans kompetens och öka patientsäkerheten utifrån ett minskat vårdlidande.

Fashion, particularly clothing, footwear, and accessories, is among the most purchased online products in the Nordic countries, with the market projected to grow from $9.5 billion in 2023 to nearly $1 billion by 2027. In this context, Vogue Scandinavia, launched in 2020 with Martina Bonnier as Editor-in-Chief, reflecting the region's cultural and political identity while focusing on sustainability. Despite presenting a variety of women in their covers, it is unclear whether Vogue Scandinavia follows or challenges the fashion industry's traditional exclusionary norms and unrealistic beauty standards for women. The purpose of this research is to study the portrayal of women in women’s fashion magazines, more specifically in the pages of Vogue Scandinavia by analyzing the physical traits of the women pictured in the magazine as well as the discourse crafted around them in the issues’ cover stories.

I Sverige föder de flesta kvinnorna barn på sjukhus och merparten av förlossningarna anses normala. Ett ökat intresse för hemförlossningar med barnmorska och oassisterade förlossningar kan ses. En planerad oassisterad förlossning innebär ett medvetet val att låta förlossningen starta spontant, på egen vald plats, utan assistans av barnmorska eller annan utbildad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Det finns ett mörkertal gällande antalet som väljer detta förlossningsalternativ och andelen tros vara mindre än en procent i höginkomstländer. Forskning har visat att kvinnor väljer plats för nästkommande förlossning utifrån tidigare erfarenheter. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vad som påverkar kvinnors beslut att planera en oassisterad förlossning. Metoden var en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultatet blev två huvudteman: Att få föda på sina egna villkor och Tidigare upplevelser påverkade valet. Många kvinnor önskade en hemförlossning med barnmorska men då detta inte var möjligt valde de en planerad oassisterad förlossning. Något som framträdde i resultatet var att kvinnorna som valde en planerad oassisterad förlossning kände en stark tillit till kroppens egen förmåga att föda barn. Det var av stor vikt att inte bli störd under denna process. Flertalet kvinnor hade upplevt någon form av utsatthet där de upplevde sig förminskade och överkörda. Studien kan ge en ökad förståelse till varför kvinnor väljer att föda oassisterat.

Citizen science is an approach that is used increasingly to produce data on flora and fauna. Such data can provide an understanding of the trends for preventing and addressing climate and environmental issues as well as acting as a base for civil servants’ decision-making in natural investigation cases. In this setting, the present thesis aims to unfold information practices in biodiversity citizen science in Sweden, involving volunteer participants who focus on the sustainability of biological variety, and to explicate the role and meaning of information practices for the activities in which the participants engage. This compilation thesis comprises one methodological and three empirical articles. 

Through a practice theory approach emphasising sociomaterial, relational and situated focal points, the study, which altogether comprises three substudies, draws on a theoretical framework encompassing established concepts from practice theory and science and technology studies concerning variations of practices, boundary objects, epistemic objects and inscriptions. The project presents a methodological combination of trace ethnography and traditional qualitative methods such as interviews and observations for investigating information practices in relation to information systems. The study’s methodology is illustrated by two of the thesis’ three substudies to enable investigations of time and spatiality, where metadata are explored as traces of practices. 

The study has as its focus the variations of information practices enacted by participants engaged in biodiversity citizen science. Depicted is a nexus of practices including observing, identifying, reporting, collecting and curating species as well as validating and making decisions based on species reports. The variations of practices imply that mundane species data production is enacted through material objects, that competition among participants has impacts on data comprehensiveness and that variations in the apprehension of validated species reports can lead to issues for the assessment of data validity. The study also emphasises notions concerning credibility, authority and validity among participants. It is demonstrated that credibility is assessed through peer monitoring as well as by participants assigned to validator roles. It is also shown that validity is a desirable value which can be achieved through transforming observations of species to data in relation to notions of what comprises credible reports. Moreover, the study shows that report enhancement can be accomplished by supplementing reports with objects of trust such as photographs and additional metadata. Credibility, authority and validity is concluded to be constructed in a distributed fashion by participants and a rich assortment of sociomaterial practices and tools. 

By coupling trace ethnography and traditional qualitative research methods, the study also delves into how participants in a botanical citizen science field excursion enact information practices in relation to the material qualities of tools. Ongoing negotiations occur during participants’ fieldwork, which is carried out in relation to tools such as loupes and applications as well as taxonomic features in information systems for reporting species observations. Results here indicate that the knowledge formed during fieldwork is both constrained and appended when translated to species data through information systems such as Artportalen. The information practices are understood as requiring negotiations among participants as the material tools are being used. Through messy and entwined practices, streamlined and tidy species data are eventually formed. 

In the concluding discussion, responding to the aim of the thesis, it is shown that the interrelated but varying, messy, materially constrained and negotiation-infused features of the study participants’ information practices play a key role in the shaping of voluntary monitoring and documentation of species in Sweden. While biodiversity citizen science data comprise neatly structured representations of conducted species observations, exportable for analysis and decision-making, participants’ enactments of information practices are not straightforward or direct but should rather be seen as taking winding paths from fieldwork to species reports. Accentuating the information practices enacted, the competitive tendency among participants to report rare sightings and the participants’ joint formation of trustworthiness and authority, this thesis nuances current understandings of volunteer efforts for biodiversity monitoring. As such, the mentioned disorderliness of the information practices can create bias issues in the shape of participant inclinations to report unusual, or previously unseen, species. At the same time, supplying a large number of valid reports is an important aspect for the participants. Similarly, the tools used for reporting are occasionally skewed towards certain species groups and are not always appropriately configured for recording the plethora of fieldwork activities currently in use. Based on these findings, it is proposed that consideration should be given to the ways in which the current variations of information practices are enacted, entwined and conformed. This, in turn, can lead to strategies that pave the way for a richer understanding of report validation, help mitigate possible data biases, and support the development of feature-rich, easy-to-use tools for reporting in the field.

The Swedish textile industry faces significant challenges in its transition towards more sustainable production, driven by increased climate impact and new requirements from the EU strategy for ‘Sustainable and Circular Textiles’. The 2022 EU strategy aims to transform the textile industry by promoting products that are sustainable, repairable, and recyclable, produced from recycled materials and free from harmful substances. The research identifies a knowledge gap on how fashion companies and their business models can adapt to the increased sustainable requirements, which this study aims to address by exploring practical applications of theoretical knowledge. The aim of the study is to explore the adaptation of fashion companies to the EU legislation on ‘Sustainable and Circular Textiles’. By identifying the investigating challenges, adaptations, and opportunities for the transition towards promoting a more sustainable textile industry. The study results aim to contribute to new literature by mapping the transition in the interaction between fashion companies and suppliers to achieve the new legal requirements. In conclusion, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty in the transition to the EU strategy for "sustainable and circular textiles" as a result of the European Commission delaying concrete actions that should be taken to pursue the strategy. The study concludes that the case company should integrate a circular business model that takes into account the development of innovative and more sustainable material choices together with external guidance, virtualization and circular revenue streams. 

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities fashion retailers face when implementing used textile collection schemes. Separate textile collection is a requirement under the Extended Producer Responsibility legislation, by the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory qualitative approach was used to gain in-depth understanding of the challenges and the opportunities for fashion retailers regarding implementing used clothing/textile take-back programs. Data was collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with fashion retailers and a third-party textile collection company in Europe. Findings: The findings of this research suggest that fashion retailers face challenges when implementing textile collection schemes. More specifically, the EPR legislation for textiles is not clear, according to the interviewees, which presents a major challenge and causes confusion about the role fashion retailers play and their responsibility in collecting used garments and textiles. Furthermore, fashion retailers collect a small amount of used garments and textiles compared to municipalities and third-party textile collection companies, deeming it necessary for fashion retailers to scale up textile collection. Textile take-back programs have the capacity to create opportunities, such as forming collaborations, creating jobs, using technology as well as combining textile collection with other circular economy activities. Future strategies to overcome the challenges they face are also presented. Originality/value: There is limited research on fashion retailers’ engagement in operating textile collection systems. Consequently, this study is considered valuable as it contributes to the literature by addressing the challenges and opportunities fashion retailers encounter in response to the pressing demand for solutions for separate textile collection. 

Bakgrund: Till en intensivvårdsavdelning förflyttas patienter vid kritisk sjukdom eller sviktande vitala organ. Det finns möjlighet för kontinuerlig övervakning av vitala parametrar. Här möter intensivvårdssjuksköterskan närstående genom rak och ärlig kommunikation vilket kan hjälpa dem att förstå situationen och miljön. Det är av betydelse att se familjen ihop med patienten likt en enhet och främja en god och vårdande relation. Syftet var att belysa intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas upplevelse av närståendes närvaro i vårdandet på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Metoden var en systematisk litteraturöversikt med en induktiv design. I resultatet framkom att kommunikationen för att främja meningsfulla samarbeten med närstående och kollegor var betydelsefullt. Arbetsmiljön och mötet med närstående var en värdefull del för att främja välbefinnande och ett sunt arbetsliv. Familjecentrerad vård vara angeläget då närstående har information om patienten, vilket intensivvårdssjuksköterskan behövde för att kunna ge god vård. Slutsats: Det kunde upplevas både positivt och negativt att ha närstående nära i vårdandet. De kunde vara en betydelsefull resurs för patienten och intensivvårdssjuksköterskan vilket bidrog till att intensivvårdssjuksköterskan kunde ge mer personcentrerad vård. Det kunde vara ont om plats för intensivvårdssjuksköterskan att arbeta på ett patientsäkert sätt med närstående närvarande i vårdandet. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan kunde känna sig iakttagen och avbruten i sina arbetsmoment. För att kunna främja en sund arbetsmiljö samt att intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna skulle uppleva ett välbefinnande och kunna bedriva familjecentrerad vård behövdes det stöd från kollegor och chefer.

Bakgrund: Rädsla inför förlossningen är vanligt förekommande och barnmorskan har en viktig roll i att ge stöd till förlossningsrädda kvinnor. Stödåtgärder till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla har under de senaste åren ökat och det finns ett stort behov av stöd. I barnmorskans profession ingår det att ge professionellt stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla. Barnmorskan har en viktig roll för kvinnans möjligheter att uppleva välbefinnande under förlossningsprocessen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka barnmorskans upplevelse av att ge stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla under förlossningen. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats har genomförts. Totalt intervjuades åtta barnmorskor från fem olika förlossningsavdelningar i Sverige. Innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Ett övergripande tema och fyra kategorier med fyra underkategorier utformades vid analysprocessen. Barnmorskornas upplevelser var att stödet behövde individanpassas. Det upplevdes vara viktigt med närvaro, kommunikation, lyhördhet samt att etablera en relation till kvinnan och inge trygghet. Barnmorskorna upplevde ett stort känslomässigt engagemang i samband med att de gav stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla. Det upplevdes finnas utmaningar för barnmorskorna att ge stöd där arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist ansågs vara de största utmaningarna. Slutsatser: Det centrala i barnmorskornas upplevelse av att ge stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla var att sträva efter ett individanpassat stöd. Barnmorskan har en central betydelse i stödet men behöver rätt förutsättningar för att kunna ge stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla.

The period after giving birth is called postpartum and is known as a time of vulnerability. Women postpartum has a need of contraception, but it also has been seen that they use contraception with low efficiency or no contraception at all. Midwives have the responsibility to counsel about contraceptives to ensure women's sexual and reproductive health through life. The purpose of this study was to identify what women believed was important when choosing postpartum contraceptive. To answer the purpose of this study, a systematic literature review was chosen as the method. Thirteen qualitative articles were selected to represent the result. The result contained of three main themes that highlighted what women felt was important when choosing contraceptives postpartum. The themes were Feeling of Safety and Complicity, Simple and Reliable determines the choice of contraception and Treat and Information in healthcare. The results identified that women felt it was important to feel safe with the choice of contraception postpartum. Safety was related to experience god reproductive health and being confident with one’s choice to breastfeed in relation to contraceptive use. Women experienced that social complicity with partners, friends and family was important when choosing contraception postpartum. Women also found it important to have a reliable contraceptive that was easy to use. Furthermore, it was highlighted how important it was with information and good treatment from midwives when providing contraceptive counseling. The discussion highlights that it’s important that midwives understand what women find important when choosing contraceptives postpartum. Increased understanding can lead to woman-centered contraceptive counseling that increases the prerequisite for independent choices that can contribute to strengthened empowerment.